BS Cognition, Learning and language Flashcards
Sensorimotor
Age: Birth to 2
Child learns to manipulate his or her environment to meet physical need
Primary circulation reaction and secondary circulation reaction, Object permanence
Primary circulation reaction
Repeats of body movement that occurred by change, such as sucking ones thumb
Secondary circulation reaction
Manipulation focused on something outside, such as throwing toys
Preoperational
Age: 2 to 7
Symbolic thinking- pretend play and imagination
Egocentrism
Centration- cannot understand conservation
Concert Operational
Age: 7-11
Understand conservation and perspective of others
Logical thought
conservation
Formal operational
Age: 11+
Abstract thinking
FLuid Intelligence
Problem Solving
Crystallized Inteligence
Learned skilled and knowledge
Mental Set
Pattern of approach; tendency to approach similar problems in similar ways
Algorithms
Formula, flowchart or procedure for solving certain types of problems that are automatically suppose to give a solution
Deductive reasoning
Top down
Moves from general truths to specific conclusions. It opens with an expansive explanation (statements known or believed to be true) and continues with predictions for specific observations supporting it.
Inductive reasoning
Bottom up (initially what we see) Moves from specific details and observations (typically of nature) to the more general underlying principles or process that explains them (e.g., Newton's Law of Gravity).
Base rate fallacy
Occurs when prototypical or stereotypical factors are used for analysis rather than actual data.
Representative heuristic
we have a tendency to make judgments based on the probability of something happening based on our typical idea of a particular event. For example, we believe we will receive a cake rather than a salad when it is our birthday. This is because cakes are typically more representative of a birthday than a salad.
Availability heuristic
Tendency to believe that something is more common or more likely to happen just because it is more readily obtainable in our memory. For example, if everyone in your household has the flu, and someone at work coughs, you may jump to the conclusion that they, too, have the flu.
Belief perseverance
Tendency for us to hold on to our pre-existing beliefs, despite being presented with evidence that contradicts our beliefs.
Multiple intelligence what are the 7 types
Linguistic Logical-math Musical visual-spacial bodily-kinesthetic interpersonal intrapersonal
The Activation-Synthesis Theory
Physiological processes happening in the brain create dreams
Dreams caused by widespread random activation of neural circulatory, stitching of unrelated info
Problem-solving dream theory
Describes dreaming as simply ‘thinking in different biochemical state’. According to this theory we continue to work on all the same problems - personal and objective - in that state.
cognitive process dream theory
dreams are simply thoughts or sequences of thoughts that occur during sleep-states. Dreams express conceptions of self, family members, friends, and social environment.
Dyssomnia
Disorders that make it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep or avoid sleep
Insomnia
Narcolepsy
Sleep apnea
Parasomnias
Abnormal actions that occur during sleep.
Night terrors
sleep walking
Awake what EEG waves
Beta and alpha
Stage 1
Theta
Light sleep dozing
Stage 2
Theta
sleep spindles and K complexes
Stage 3 and 4
Delta
dreams, declarative memory consolidation, sleep disorders
REM
Mostly beta
Appear physiologically awake, dreams, procedural memory, consolidation and body paralyzed
Depressant
Reduces nervous system activity resulting in a sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety
Increase Activity of GABA
Examples: Alcohol, Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines
(wernicke’s) Korsakoff’s syndrome
Chronic memory disorder that is caused by a deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine). It is a condition that is most commonly caused by heavy, constant alcohol abuse. In addition to memory loss, symptoms of Korsakoff’s syndrome include confusion, poor coordination, disrupted speech, and involuntary eye movements.
Stimulant
Increase arousal in nervous system
Increase dopamine, serotonin and Norepinephrine
Examples: Amphetamines, Cocaine, ecstacy
Hallucinogens
Users see images that do not exist in reality
Colors may appear more bright
Can cause euphoria and state of relaxation
Sometimes user can experience extreme fear (depending on what user is seeing)
Not normally prescribed as a therapeutic drug
Examples: Marijuana, LSD, Psilocybin mushrooms)
Active ingredient in Marijuana
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
Drug Addiction Mediated by
Mesolimbic Pathway
Mesolimbic Pathway contains which 3 structures
- Nucleus accumbens
- medial forebrain bundle
- Venteral tegmental area
5 components of language
- Phonology
- Morphology
- Semantic
- Syntax
- Pragmatic
Phonology
Actual sound of language
Morphology
Structure of words
Semantic
Refer to meaning of words
Syntax
How words are put together to form sentences
Pragmatics
changes in language delivery depending on contex
Timeline of language acquisition
9-12 months: Babbling
12-18 months: About one word per month
18-20 months: “exploitation of language” and combining words
2 to 3 years- Longer sentences (3 plus words)
5 years- language rules largely mastered
Nativist (biological) theory
Explains language acquisition as being innate and controlled by language acquisition device (LAD).
Learning (behaviorist) theory
BF Skinner; Language acquisition controlled by operant conditioning and reinforcement; repeat and reinforce sounds that sound most alike language spoken by parents
Social interactionist theory
Language acquisition as being caused by a motivation to communicate and interact with others; child desire to behave in social manner.
