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MCAT ALL > BS Cognition, Learning and language > Flashcards

BS Cognition, Learning and language Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Sensorimotor

A

Age: Birth to 2
Child learns to manipulate his or her environment to meet physical need
Primary circulation reaction and secondary circulation reaction, Object permanence

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2
Q

Primary circulation reaction

A

Repeats of body movement that occurred by change, such as sucking ones thumb

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3
Q

Secondary circulation reaction

A

Manipulation focused on something outside, such as throwing toys

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4
Q

Preoperational

A

Age: 2 to 7
Symbolic thinking- pretend play and imagination
Egocentrism
Centration- cannot understand conservation

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5
Q

Concert Operational

A

Age: 7-11
Understand conservation and perspective of others
Logical thought
conservation

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6
Q

Formal operational

A

Age: 11+

Abstract thinking

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7
Q

FLuid Intelligence

A

Problem Solving

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8
Q

Crystallized Inteligence

A

Learned skilled and knowledge

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9
Q

Mental Set

A

Pattern of approach; tendency to approach similar problems in similar ways

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10
Q

Algorithms

A

Formula, flowchart or procedure for solving certain types of problems that are automatically suppose to give a solution

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11
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Top down
Moves from general truths to specific conclusions. It opens with an expansive explanation (statements known or believed to be true) and continues with predictions for specific observations supporting it.

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12
Q

Inductive reasoning

A 
Bottom up (initially what we see)
Moves from specific details and observations (typically of nature) to the more general underlying principles or process that explains them (e.g., Newton's Law of Gravity).
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13
Q

Base rate fallacy

A

Occurs when prototypical or stereotypical factors are used for analysis rather than actual data.

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14
Q

Representative heuristic

A

we have a tendency to make judgments based on the probability of something happening based on our typical idea of a particular event. For example, we believe we will receive a cake rather than a salad when it is our birthday. This is because cakes are typically more representative of a birthday than a salad.

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15
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Tendency to believe that something is more common or more likely to happen just because it is more readily obtainable in our memory. For example, if everyone in your household has the flu, and someone at work coughs, you may jump to the conclusion that they, too, have the flu.

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16
Q

Belief perseverance

A

Tendency for us to hold on to our pre-existing beliefs, despite being presented with evidence that contradicts our beliefs.

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17
Q

Multiple intelligence what are the 7 types

A 
Linguistic 
Logical-math
Musical
visual-spacial
bodily-kinesthetic
interpersonal 
intrapersonal
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18
Q

The Activation-Synthesis Theory

A

Physiological processes happening in the brain create dreams

Dreams caused by widespread random activation of neural circulatory, stitching of unrelated info

19
Q

Problem-solving dream theory

A

Describes dreaming as simply ‘thinking in different biochemical state’. According to this theory we continue to work on all the same problems - personal and objective - in that state.

20
Q

cognitive process dream theory

A

dreams are simply thoughts or sequences of thoughts that occur during sleep-states. Dreams express conceptions of self, family members, friends, and social environment.

21
Q

Dyssomnia

A

Disorders that make it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep or avoid sleep
Insomnia
Narcolepsy
Sleep apnea

22
Q

Parasomnias

A

Abnormal actions that occur during sleep.

Night terrors
sleep walking

23
Q

Awake what EEG waves

A

Beta and alpha

24
Q

Stage 1

A

Theta

Light sleep dozing

25
Q

Stage 2

A

Theta

sleep spindles and K complexes

26
Q

Stage 3 and 4

A

Delta

dreams, declarative memory consolidation, sleep disorders

27
Q

REM

A

Mostly beta

Appear physiologically awake, dreams, procedural memory, consolidation and body paralyzed

28
Q

Depressant

A

Reduces nervous system activity resulting in a sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety
Increase Activity of GABA
Examples: Alcohol, Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines

29
Q

(wernicke’s) Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

Chronic memory disorder that is caused by a deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine). It is a condition that is most commonly caused by heavy, constant alcohol abuse. In addition to memory loss, symptoms of Korsakoff’s syndrome include confusion, poor coordination, disrupted speech, and involuntary eye movements.

30
Q

Stimulant

A

Increase arousal in nervous system
Increase dopamine, serotonin and Norepinephrine
Examples: Amphetamines, Cocaine, ecstacy

31
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Users see images that do not exist in reality
Colors may appear more bright
Can cause euphoria and state of relaxation
Sometimes user can experience extreme fear (depending on what user is seeing)
Not normally prescribed as a therapeutic drug
Examples: Marijuana, LSD, Psilocybin mushrooms)

32
Q

Active ingredient in Marijuana

A

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

33
Q

Drug Addiction Mediated by

A

Mesolimbic Pathway

34
Q

Mesolimbic Pathway contains which 3 structures

A
  1. Nucleus accumbens
  2. medial forebrain bundle
  3. Venteral tegmental area
35
Q

5 components of language

A
  1. Phonology
  2. Morphology
  3. Semantic
  4. Syntax
  5. Pragmatic
36
Q

Phonology

A

Actual sound of language

37
Q

Morphology

A

Structure of words

38
Q

Semantic

A

Refer to meaning of words

39
Q

Syntax

A

How words are put together to form sentences

40
Q

Pragmatics

A

changes in language delivery depending on contex

41
Q

Timeline of language acquisition

A

9-12 months: Babbling
12-18 months: About one word per month
18-20 months: “exploitation of language” and combining words
2 to 3 years- Longer sentences (3 plus words)
5 years- language rules largely mastered

42
Q

Nativist (biological) theory

A

Explains language acquisition as being innate and controlled by language acquisition device (LAD).

43
Q

Learning (behaviorist) theory

A

BF Skinner; Language acquisition controlled by operant conditioning and reinforcement; repeat and reinforce sounds that sound most alike language spoken by parents

44
Q

Social interactionist theory

A

Language acquisition as being caused by a motivation to communicate and interact with others; child desire to behave in social manner.

MCAT ALL (56 decks)

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