Motivation, Emotion and Stress Flashcards
What are the primary factors that influence motivation?
Instincts, Arousal, Drives and Needs
Instinct theory
People perform certain behaviors because of these evolutionary programmed instincts
Arousal theory
People perform actions to maintain arousal, the state of being awake and reactive to stimuli, at optimal level.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Associated with Arousal theory
Shows that performance is optimal at medium level of arousal
Drive Reduction Theory
States that motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives, which create uncomfortable internal states.
Maslow’ s Hierarchy of Needs
Prioritizes needes in 5 categories: Physiological needs (highest priority), safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization (lowest priority)
Self-determination Theory
Emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy- need to be in control of one’s actions and ideas; competence- the need to compete and excel at different tasks; relatedness- need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships
Incentive theory
Explains motivation as the desired to pursue rewards and avoid punishments
Expectancy- value theory
States that the amount of motivation for a task is based on individual’s expectation of success and the amount that success is valued
Opponent -process theory
Explains motivation for drug use: as drug use increases the body counteracts its effects, leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms
What are the three main elements of emotion
- Physiological response ( automatic nervous system)- heart rate, breathing, skin temperature, blood pressure
- Behavioral Response: Facial Expression, body language
- Cognitive response: Subjective interpretation, memories of past experiences, perception of cause of emotion
What are the seven universal emotions?
Happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, and anger
James Lange Theory
First Response: Nervous system arousal (physiological response)
Second response: Conscious emotion labeling
-Requires connection between sympathetic nervous system and brain
Cannon Bard Theory
First Response: Nervous system arousal and conscious emotion
Second response: Action
- Does not explain vague Nerve
Schachter- Singer Theory
First response: Nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal
Second response: Conscious Emotion
- both arousal and labeling of emotion based on environment required to feel emotion
Amygdala
Attention and fear, helps interpret facial expressions and part of the intrinsic memory system for emotional memory
Thalamus
Sensory Processing station
Hypothalamus
Release neurotransmitter that affect mood and arousal
homeostasis
Hippocampus
Creates long term explicit (episodic) memories
Prefrontal cortex
involved in planning, expressing personality, making decisions
Ventral prefrontal cortex
critical for experiencing emotion
Ventromedial Per-frontal cortex
Involved in controlling emotional responses from the amygdala and decision- making
Cognitive appraisal
Subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress
Primary Appraisal
Classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful
Secondary Appraisal
Directed at evaluating if the organism can cope with the stress, based on harm, threat and challenge
What are the 3 stages of General adaptation syndrome?
Alarm, resistance and exhaustion
Alarm Stage
Activation of sympathetic nervous system, release of ACTH and cortisol, stimulation of adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine
Resistance
Continuous release of hormones activates sympathetic nervous system
Exhaustion
Can no longer maintain elevated sympathetic nervous system activity, more susceptible to illness and medical conditions, organ systems deteriorate, death.
