Motivation, Emotion and Stress Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the primary factors that influence motivation?

A

Instincts, Arousal, Drives and Needs

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2
Q

Instinct theory

A

People perform certain behaviors because of these evolutionary programmed instincts

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3
Q

Arousal theory

A

People perform actions to maintain arousal, the state of being awake and reactive to stimuli, at optimal level.

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4
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

Associated with Arousal theory

Shows that performance is optimal at medium level of arousal

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5
Q

Drive Reduction Theory

A

States that motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives, which create uncomfortable internal states.

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6
Q

Maslow’ s Hierarchy of Needs

A

Prioritizes needes in 5 categories: Physiological needs (highest priority), safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization (lowest priority)

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7
Q

Self-determination Theory

A

Emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy- need to be in control of one’s actions and ideas; competence- the need to compete and excel at different tasks; relatedness- need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships

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8
Q

Incentive theory

A

Explains motivation as the desired to pursue rewards and avoid punishments

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9
Q

Expectancy- value theory

A

States that the amount of motivation for a task is based on individual’s expectation of success and the amount that success is valued

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10
Q

Opponent -process theory

A

Explains motivation for drug use: as drug use increases the body counteracts its effects, leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms

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11
Q

What are the three main elements of emotion

A
  1. Physiological response ( automatic nervous system)- heart rate, breathing, skin temperature, blood pressure
  2. Behavioral Response: Facial Expression, body language
  3. Cognitive response: Subjective interpretation, memories of past experiences, perception of cause of emotion
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12
Q

What are the seven universal emotions?

A

Happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, and anger

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13
Q

James Lange Theory

A

First Response: Nervous system arousal (physiological response)
Second response: Conscious emotion labeling
-Requires connection between sympathetic nervous system and brain

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14
Q

Cannon Bard Theory

A

First Response: Nervous system arousal and conscious emotion
Second response: Action
- Does not explain vague Nerve

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15
Q

Schachter- Singer Theory

A

First response: Nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal
Second response: Conscious Emotion
- both arousal and labeling of emotion based on environment required to feel emotion

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16
Q

Amygdala

A

Attention and fear, helps interpret facial expressions and part of the intrinsic memory system for emotional memory

17
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory Processing station

18
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Release neurotransmitter that affect mood and arousal

homeostasis

19
Q

Hippocampus

A

Creates long term explicit (episodic) memories

20
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

involved in planning, expressing personality, making decisions

21
Q

Ventral prefrontal cortex

A

critical for experiencing emotion

22
Q

Ventromedial Per-frontal cortex

A

Involved in controlling emotional responses from the amygdala and decision- making

23
Q

Cognitive appraisal

A

Subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress

24
Q

Primary Appraisal

A

Classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful

25
Q

Secondary Appraisal

A

Directed at evaluating if the organism can cope with the stress, based on harm, threat and challenge

26
Q

What are the 3 stages of General adaptation syndrome?

A

Alarm, resistance and exhaustion

27
Q

Alarm Stage

A

Activation of sympathetic nervous system, release of ACTH and cortisol, stimulation of adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

28
Q

Resistance

A

Continuous release of hormones activates sympathetic nervous system

29
Q

Exhaustion

A

Can no longer maintain elevated sympathetic nervous system activity, more susceptible to illness and medical conditions, organ systems deteriorate, death.