B/S Ch6 Identity and Personality Flashcards
What is the difference between self-concept and Identity?
Self concept is the sum of all the phrases that come to mind when we think of who we are, who we used to be, and who we may become in the future.
Identity- describes a set of behaviors and labels we take on when in a specific group
What 3 factors determine ethnic identity?
- Cultural heritage
- Common ancestry
- Language
determines by birth
National identity?
Not determined by birth
Determined by political borders of where one lives, and the cultural identity of that nation
Androgyny
State of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine, while those who achieve a low score in both are called undifferentiated
Self-discrepancy theory
Each of us has 3 selves- closer the 3 selves to each other the higher the self-esteem
- Actual self- the way we see ourselves currently
- Ideal self- they way we would like to be
- Ought self- representation of the way others think we should be
Self-efficacy
Our belief in out ability to succeed
If a person fails in completing one of the stages.. how would each theorist respond?
Freud
Erikson
Kohlberg
Freud- Say a person has become fixated in that stage and will display the personality traits of that fixation for the rest of her/his life
Erikson- Say that the individual will still move through subsequent phases, but will lack the skills and virtues granted the failed stage
Kohlberg- say that the individual was incapable of reasoning at the level of failure and that the individual would use the reasoning described in the previous stage to resolve moral dilemma.
Kohlberg theory of moral development
- Pre-conventional- reasoning based on individual rewards and punishments
- Conventional- Reasoning is based on the relationship of the individual to society
- Post-conventional- reasoning is based on abstract principles
Pre-conventional mortality
Preadolescence
1) obedience-avoiding punishment
2) self interest - gaining rewards **instrumental relativist stage because based on concept of reciprocity and sharing
Conventional mortality
Adolescence to adulthood
3) conformity - person seeks approval of others
4) law and order - maintains social order in highest regard
Post-conventional mortality
Adulthood
5) social contract - moral rules as conventions designed to ensure greater good, individual rights
6) universal human ethics - decisions made in consideration to abstract principles
neurosis
Functional mental disorder in response to anxiety caused by fixation that persist into adulthood
Freud psychosexual development stages
Oral (0-1 years) Anal (1-3 years) Phallic or oedipal (3-5 years) Latency (until puberty) Genital (puberty to adulthood)
Erikson psychosocial development stages
Trust vs Mistrust: 0-1 years Autonomy vs shame and doubt : 1-3 years Initiative vs guilt : 3-6 years Industry vs inferiority : 6-12 years Identity vs role confusion : 12-20 years Intimacy vs isolation: 20-40 years Generativity vs stagnation: 40-65 years Integrity vs despair: 65 + years
Trust vs Mistrust
0-1 years
Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers
provide reliability, care and affection. A lack of this
will lead to mistrust.
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
1-3 years
- exert control over the world and exercise choice as well as self restraint
- unfavorable = external locus of control, sense of doubt
Initiative vs guilt
3-6 years
- sense of purpose, initiate activities, enjoy accomplishment
- unfavorable = fear punishment, overcompensate
Industry vs inferiority
6-12 years
- competent, able to exercise abilities and intelligence
- unfavorable = inadequacy, low self esteem
Identity vs role confusion
12-20 years
- physiological revolution
- fidelity and ability to see oneself as unique and integrated person
Intimacy vs isolation:
20-40 years
-love, ability to have relationships with others, ability to commit to another person
- failure results in
loneliness and isolation.
Generativity vs stagnation:
40-65 years
productive, caring, contributing member of society
- failure results in shallow involvement in the world.
Integrity vs despair:
65 + years
-see wisdom, meaning of life, acceptance of being worthwhile
- failure results in regret,
bitterness, and despair
Zone of proximal Development
Vygotsky
Referring to those skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of development. Gaining these skills require a more knowledgeable other (adults)
Difference between Freud, Jung, and Adler
- Freud - behavior motivated by inborn instincts
- Jung- person’s conduct is governed by inborn archetypes
- Adler- people are primarily motivated by striving for superiority
Theory of Mind
ability to sense how other people’s minds work
can recognize what others think of us
Looking Glass Self
- our selves back to ourselves
- how we see other perceiving us
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
- most widely varying perspectives on behavior but assume that unconscious internal states motivate overt actions of individuals and determine personality
- Freud is supporter
Id
- all basic, primal, inborn urges to survive and reproduce
- functions according to pleasure principle in which the aim is to achieve instant gratification
- primary process is response to frustration
- wish fulfillment = mental imagery to fulfill satisfaction, daydreaming
Ego
- operates according to reality principle which takes objective reality as it guides or inhibits id activity and id’s pleasure principle
- secondary process
- reality principle = postpone pleasure principle until satisfaction can actually be obtained
- only postpones primary processes to meet demands of objective reality
Sugerego
- personality’s perfectionist
- judges our actions and responds with pride at our accomplishments and guilt at our failures
- conscience - collection of improper actions for which a child is punished
- ego ideal - consists of those proper actions for which a child is rewarded
3 categories to access id, ego, and superego
1) conscious - thoughts we have
2) preconscious - thoughts we aren’t currently aware of
3) unconscious - thoughts that have been repressed
Instinct - Freud
-innate psychological representations of biological needs
life and death instincts
-eros - promotes quest for survival through thirst, hunger, and sexual need
-thanatos - represent an unconscious wish for death and destruction
Defense Mechanisms
- relieving anxiety by the clash of id and superego
1) deny, falsify, or distort reality
2) operate unconsciously
Rorschach Inkblot Test
- relies on projection
- assumption that clients projects his or her unconscious feelings onto the shape
Thematic Apperception Test
shown pictures and make up story about them which will reveal unconscious thoughts and feelings
Repression
- forces thoughts and urges to the unconscious
- unconscious forgetting
- ex- man who survived in concentration camp, cannot remember anything about his life there
Suppression
- consciously removes idea or feeling from consciousness
- ex- terminally ill person may put aside anxiety to enjoy time with family
Regression
- returning to an earlier stage of development
- ex- in stressful situations, children may resort back to sucking thumbs
Reaction Formation
- suppresses urges by converting them to the exact opposite
- ex- outwardly express hatred for something that you really want but cannot have
Projection
- attribute undesired feelings to others
- ex- “I hate my parents” can turn to “my parents hate me”
Rationalization
Justification of behaviors in a manner that is socially acceptable
Displacement
-transference of undesired urge from one person or object to another
ex- angry at work and come home and yell at family
Sublimation
-transformation of unacceptable urges to acceptable behaviors
ex- pent up sexual urges to artistic creativity
Carl Jung
- psychoanalyst
- libido = psychic energy
- ego = conscious and unconscious
- 2 parts to unconscious = personal unconscious and collective unconscious
Collective unconcious
Share among all humans and considered to be the residue of experiences of our ancestors
Archetypes
- result of collective unconscious
- images of common experiences for everyone
Anima/Animus
- archetype, Carl Jung
- sex-innappropriate behaviors
- feminine behaviors in men and masculine behaviors in females (women seeking power)
Persona
-archetype, Carl Jung
-personality that we present to the world
emphasize those that improve our social standing
Shadow
- archetype, Carl Jung
- appearance of unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions
Self
- archetype, Carl Jung
- known as mandala
- point of intersection between the collective unconscious, personal unconscious, and conscious mind
Jung’s 3 Dichotomies of Personality
extraversion vs introversion
sensing vs intuiting
thinking vs feeling
Inferiority Complex
- individual’s sense of incompleteness, imperfection, and inferiority both physically and socially
- Alfred Adler
- striving for superiority drives personality
Creative Self
- force by which individual shapes his uniqueness
- establish personality
Style of Life
- manifestation of creative self
- describes a person’s unique way of achieving superiority
Fictional Finalism
-Adler
-individual is motivated more by expectation of the future than by the past experiences
-based on subjective estimate and not objective data
life would be perfect if only….
Karen Horney
- individuals with neurotic personalities are governed by 1 of 10 neurotic needs which are directed toward making life and interactions bearable
- problematic if - disproportionate in intensity, indiscriminate, disregard reality, or cause anxiety
Basic Anxiety
Horney termed helplessness and vulnerability this
Object Relations Theory
- object is caregiver based on subjective experiences during early infancy
- objects exist throughout our lives and impact interaction
Humanist/Phenomenological Theory
- internal feelings of healthy people as they strive toward self realization
- our personality is result of conscious feelings we have for ourselves as we attempt to attain our needs
Gestalt Therapy
- humanism
- practitioners tend to take a holistic view of the self seeing each individual as a complete person and NOT reducing person to individual behaviors or drives
Force Field Theory
- Kurt Lewin
- very little stock in constraints and personalities
- focused little on individual’s past or future and more on the present
- field = one’s current state of mind
- forces= those assisting in attaining our goals and those blocking them
George Kelly
- personal construct psychology
- set aside motivation, unconscious emotion, and reinforcement
- each individual is a scientist who has predictions on behaviors of significant people in their lives
- psychotherapy= process of insight allowing people to successfully predict troublesome events
Carl Rogers
- psychotherapy
- client centered, person centered, non directive therapy
- people have freedom to control own behavior
- unconditioned positive regard = therapists accept clients completely and express empathy to promote positive environment
Type and Trait Theorists
- type = taxonomy of personality types
- trait = describe individual personality as sum of a person’s characteristic behaviors
William Sheldon
- somatotypes - body types determine personality
- Type A and Type B where A was competitive and compulsive but B was laid back and relaxed
Hans and Sybil Eysenck
-used factor analysis to group behaviors that typically occur together and assigned labels to those groups
trait theorist
-3 traits in PEN model
Basic hostility
Neglect and rejection causes anger
Karen horney
PEN Model
- Psychoticism- measure of non-conformity and social deviance
- Extraversion- Measure of tolerance for social interaction and stimulation
- Neuroticism- Measure of emotional arousal in stressful situation
Big Five
OCEAN
-openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
Gordon Allport
- 3 basic types of thats or dispositions = cardinal, central, secondary
- functional autonomy = behavior continues despite satisfaction of the drive that originally created the behavior
Cardinal Traits
around which a person organizes his or her life
-Gordon Allport
Central Traits
represent major characteristics of personality that are easy to infer
-Gordon Allport
Secondary Traits
other personal characteristics that are more limited in occurrence
-Gordon Allport
David McCelland
- personality trait that is referred to as need for achievement (N-Ach)
- people high in this have pride in accomplishments - avoid high risks and low risks
Behaviorist
- B.F. Skinner
- operant conditioning
- personality is simply a reflection of behaviors that have been reinforced over time so therapy should be focused on those behaviors
- ex= token economies
Social Cognitive Perspective
- not just on how our environment influences our behavior but also how we interact with that environment
- Albert Bandura - reciprocal determinism = idea that our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and environment all interact with each other to determine our actions
reciprocal determinism
idea that our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and environment all interact with each other to determine our actions
- Social cognitive prespective
Ought Self
appraisal of how others see us so it is not part of self concept
Self-Concept
- past self, future self, self schema
- all the ways in which we see ourselves
Self-schema
- self given label that carries a set of qualities
- appraisal of who were used to be and who we will become
Kenneth and Mamie Clark
doll experiment with black and white dolls
-majority of people wanted the white doll
Hierarchy of Salience
- identities are organized according to this
- let situation dictate which identity holds most importance for us at any given moment
- the more salient the identity, the more likely we are to conform to the role expectation
