B/S Ch6 Identity and Personality Flashcards
What is the difference between self-concept and Identity?
Self concept is the sum of all the phrases that come to mind when we think of who we are, who we used to be, and who we may become in the future.
Identity- describes a set of behaviors and labels we take on when in a specific group
What 3 factors determine ethnic identity?
- Cultural heritage
- Common ancestry
- Language
determines by birth
National identity?
Not determined by birth
Determined by political borders of where one lives, and the cultural identity of that nation
Androgyny
State of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine, while those who achieve a low score in both are called undifferentiated
Self-discrepancy theory
Each of us has 3 selves- closer the 3 selves to each other the higher the self-esteem
- Actual self- the way we see ourselves currently
- Ideal self- they way we would like to be
- Ought self- representation of the way others think we should be
Self-efficacy
Our belief in out ability to succeed
If a person fails in completing one of the stages.. how would each theorist respond?
Freud
Erikson
Kohlberg
Freud- Say a person has become fixated in that stage and will display the personality traits of that fixation for the rest of her/his life
Erikson- Say that the individual will still move through subsequent phases, but will lack the skills and virtues granted the failed stage
Kohlberg- say that the individual was incapable of reasoning at the level of failure and that the individual would use the reasoning described in the previous stage to resolve moral dilemma.
Kohlberg theory of moral development
- Pre-conventional- reasoning based on individual rewards and punishments
- Conventional- Reasoning is based on the relationship of the individual to society
- Post-conventional- reasoning is based on abstract principles
Pre-conventional mortality
Preadolescence
1) obedience-avoiding punishment
2) self interest - gaining rewards **instrumental relativist stage because based on concept of reciprocity and sharing
Conventional mortality
Adolescence to adulthood
3) conformity - person seeks approval of others
4) law and order - maintains social order in highest regard
Post-conventional mortality
Adulthood
5) social contract - moral rules as conventions designed to ensure greater good, individual rights
6) universal human ethics - decisions made in consideration to abstract principles
neurosis
Functional mental disorder in response to anxiety caused by fixation that persist into adulthood
Freud psychosexual development stages
Oral (0-1 years) Anal (1-3 years) Phallic or oedipal (3-5 years) Latency (until puberty) Genital (puberty to adulthood)
Erikson psychosocial development stages
Trust vs Mistrust: 0-1 years Autonomy vs shame and doubt : 1-3 years Initiative vs guilt : 3-6 years Industry vs inferiority : 6-12 years Identity vs role confusion : 12-20 years Intimacy vs isolation: 20-40 years Generativity vs stagnation: 40-65 years Integrity vs despair: 65 + years
Trust vs Mistrust
0-1 years
Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers
provide reliability, care and affection. A lack of this
will lead to mistrust.
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
1-3 years
- exert control over the world and exercise choice as well as self restraint
- unfavorable = external locus of control, sense of doubt
Initiative vs guilt
3-6 years
- sense of purpose, initiate activities, enjoy accomplishment
- unfavorable = fear punishment, overcompensate
Industry vs inferiority
6-12 years
- competent, able to exercise abilities and intelligence
- unfavorable = inadequacy, low self esteem
Identity vs role confusion
12-20 years
- physiological revolution
- fidelity and ability to see oneself as unique and integrated person
Intimacy vs isolation:
20-40 years
-love, ability to have relationships with others, ability to commit to another person
- failure results in
loneliness and isolation.
Generativity vs stagnation:
40-65 years
productive, caring, contributing member of society
- failure results in shallow involvement in the world.
Integrity vs despair:
65 + years
-see wisdom, meaning of life, acceptance of being worthwhile
- failure results in regret,
bitterness, and despair
Zone of proximal Development
Vygotsky
Referring to those skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of development. Gaining these skills require a more knowledgeable other (adults)
Difference between Freud, Jung, and Adler
- Freud - behavior motivated by inborn instincts
- Jung- person’s conduct is governed by inborn archetypes
- Adler- people are primarily motivated by striving for superiority
