Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCAT ALL > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards
1
Q

cardiovascular system

A

-contains a muscular, four chambered heart, blood vessels and blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

right side of heart

A

sends blood to lungs through arteries to be reoxygenated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

left side of heart

A

receives oxygenated blood through veins and sends it around body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

heart

A

four-chambered structure composed mostly of cardiac muscle

-contains two pumps, one on each side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

-the acceptance of deoxygenated blood by the right side of the heart and the pumping of it through arteries to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

systemic circulation

A

-the acceptance of oxygenated blood from the veins in the left side of the heart and the pumping it around the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

atria

A

thin-walled structures of which receive blood from the lungs or body
-once filled they pump blood to the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ventricles

A
  • ventricles have much stronger muscles

- once filled with blood, the ventricles contract to send blood to the lungs or through systemic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

atrioventrical valves

A

-separate the atrium from the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

semilunar valves

A

separate the ventricles from the vasculature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

pulmonary valve

A

the valve that separates the right ventricle from pulmonary circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

aortic valve

A

the valve that separates the left ventricle from aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

sinoatrial node

A

the location of impulse initiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

atrial systole

A

atrial contraction due to the senatorial node

-provides more pressure for ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

atrial kick

A

the extra pressure due to the additional volume of this blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

AV node

A
  • after the signal from the SA node passes through the atrial systole, it moves to the atrial node
  • it is delayed at this node to allow the ventricle to fill before it contracts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

pukinje fibers

A

the last stop for the pulse produced by the SA node

-these fibers disperse the pulse throughout the ventricular muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

vagus nerve

A

provides the parasympathetic(“rest-and-digest) signals of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

systole

A

the contraction of the ventricles and closure of the AV valves which pumps blood from the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

diastole

A

-the heart is relaxed, the semilunar valves are closed and blood from the atria fills the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cardiac output

A

total blood volume pumped by a ventricle in a minute

-CO=Heart rate x Stroke volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

arteries

A
  • carry blood away from heart
  • largest artery is aorta
  • branch into arterioles
  • have a lot more smooth muscle than do veins
  • only pulmonary and umbilical arteries have deoxygenated blood
  • elastic, recoil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

capillaries

A
  • formed from arterioles
  • ultimately permeate the tissues
  • only a single layer of endothelial cells
  • thin wall allows for easy diffusion of gases, nutrients and waste
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Venules

A

-capillaries join together to form these and these form together to form veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

endothelial cells

A
  • cells that line all blood vessels

- release chemicals that help with vasodilation and vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

veins

A

transport blood to the heart

  • other than pulmonary and umbilical veins, all veins carry deoxygenated blood
  • less recoil than arteries due to the smaller amount of smooth muscle in the walls
  • able to stretch more easily and thus hold more blood
  • most veins surrounded by skeletal muscle that helps push blood through them
  • against gravity so risk of blood clots
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Venae Cavae

A
  • location where blood is returned to the heart
  • superior vena cava (SVC): returns blood from above the heart
  • Inferior vena cava (IVC): returns blood from below the heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Pathway

A

Right Atrium > Tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulmonary valve > pulmonary artery > lungs pulmonary veins > left atrium > mitral valve > left ventricle > aortic valve > aorta > arteries > arterioles > capillaries > venules > veins > vena cavae > right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

Blood travels from the gut capillarity beds to the liver capillary bed via the heptic portal vein

30
Q

Portal system

A

one in which blood passes through two capillary beds in series

31
Q

Hypopheseal portal system

A

blood travels from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

32
Q

Renal portal system

A

blood travels from the glomerulus to the vesa recta through an efferent arteriole

33
Q

Starting with the impulse, what are the structures in the conduction system of the heart?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node > Atrioventricular (AV) Node > Bundle of His (AV bundle) and its branches > purkinje fibers

34
Q

capillaries

A

Carries blood: From arterioles to venules
Relative thickness: Very thin (one cell layer)
Smooth muscles : NO
Contains valves: No

35
Q

Which vessel contains valves

A

Veins because moves against gravity

36
Q

Why does the right side of the heart contain less cardiac muscle than the left side?

A

The right side of the heart pumps blood into a lower-resistance circuit and must do so at lower pressure; therefore it requires less muscle. The left side of the heart pumps blood into a higher -resistance circuit at higher pressure; therefore need more cardiac muscles

37
Q

Plasma

A

the liquid part of blood

-an aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones and blood proteins

38
Q

blood

A

45% cells 55% liquids

39
Q

Erythrocytes

A
  • red blood cells
  • specialized in the transport of oxygen through blood
  • each cell contains about 250 million molecules of hemoglobin, each of which can hold 4 oxygen molecules
  • rely entirely on glycolysis for ATP because they have no way to carry out oxidative phosphorylation
  • no nucleus, mitochondria or organell bound memebrane
  • biconcave shape which increases surface area
40
Q

hematocrit

A

-measurement of the percentage of how much of the blood sample contains red blood cells

41
Q

Leukocytes

A
  • white blood cells

- act as defenders against pathogens

42
Q

granulocytes

A
  • contain granules that are visible under the microscope
  • granules contain a variety of compounds that are toxic to the invading microbes, and content is released through exocytosis
43
Q

lymphocytes

A
  • help in the attack against bacteria and viruses
  • some function as primary responders against infection and others act to help maintain a long-term memory bank of pathogen recognition
  • help our bodies learn from recognition
44
Q

monocytes

A
  • phagocytize foreign matter such as bacteria

- once they leave the bloodstream and enter an organ they are renames macrophages

45
Q

Thrombocytes

A
  • platelets
  • shards released from cells in bone marrow
  • function is to assist in blood clotting
  • no nucleus
46
Q

Types of granulocytes

A

Neutrophiles
eosiniphiles
basophiles

47
Q

Types of agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes

monocytes

48
Q

Erythropoietin

A

-secreted by the kidney and stimulates red blood cell development

49
Q

thrombopoietin

A

secreted by the liver and kidney and promotes platelet development

50
Q

Antigen

A
  • on the surface of red blood cells

- an antigen is any specific target, usually a protein, to which the immune system can react

51
Q

blood type O

A
  • universal donor

- neither A or B alleles are expressed so no antibodies will be created by the recipient

52
Q

blood type AB

A

-universal recipients

53
Q

RH factor

A
  • surface protein expressed on red blood cells
  • expressed as a + or - on the ABO antigens
  • if mother is + and child is -, the first child is okay but the second child’s red blood cells will be attacked by the anti - antibodies
54
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis

A

-the condition characterized by the attack on fetal red blood cells by mom’s antibodies

55
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

measure blood pressure

56
Q

oxygen saturation

A

the percentage of hemoglobin carrying oxygen

57
Q

Binding to hemoglobin

A
  • after first oxygen binds to hemoglobin in the lungs, it causes a conformational change from taut to relaxed
  • this increases hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen
  • once they are all full, the removal of one oxygen causes the affinity to drop, thus releasing the oxygen
  • results in a sigmoidal S-shaped graph
  • Cooperative binding
58
Q

CO2 transportation

A

-some taken up by hemoglobin but majority in blood as bicarbonate

59
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

catalyzes the combination reaction between carbon dioxide and water to make carbonic acid which loses a proton to become bicarbonate when CO2 enters the red blood cell

60
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

the force per unit area the blood exerts against the vessel walls

61
Q

osmotic pressure

A

sucking pressure generated by solutes as they attempt to draw water into the bloodstream

62
Q

clots

A

composed of coagulating factors and platelets

-prevent blood loss

63
Q

Plasmin

A
  • breaks down clot

- generated from plasminogen

64
Q

right shift on oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

A
  • caused by increased CO2, increased H+, decreased pH, increased temperature
  • Lower affinity for O2 so more O2 given to tissues
65
Q

fibrin

A

stabilizes clot

- activated by thrombin

66
Q

exposure to collagen and tissue factor

A

starts the coagulation cascade

67
Q

End of the cascade?

A

Activation of prothrombin to form thrombin by thromboplastin
Thrombin can then convert fibrinogen into fibrin

68
Q

venous end of capillary bed

A
  • osmotic pressure is greater than hydrostatic pressure

- liquid comes in through it

69
Q

Arterioles end of capillary bed

A

-osmotic pressure is less than hydrostatic pressure

70
Q

ADH

A

increase water absorption in kidney

71
Q

aldosterone

A

increase salt absorption, leads to increase water absorption in kidney

72
Q

Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP) is released when?

A

Released when Blood pressure is high to decrease it

MCAT ALL (56 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions