Cardiovascular system Flashcards
cardiovascular system
-contains a muscular, four chambered heart, blood vessels and blood
right side of heart
sends blood to lungs through arteries to be reoxygenated
left side of heart
receives oxygenated blood through veins and sends it around body
heart
four-chambered structure composed mostly of cardiac muscle
-contains two pumps, one on each side
pulmonary circulation
-the acceptance of deoxygenated blood by the right side of the heart and the pumping of it through arteries to the lungs
systemic circulation
-the acceptance of oxygenated blood from the veins in the left side of the heart and the pumping it around the body
atria
thin-walled structures of which receive blood from the lungs or body
-once filled they pump blood to the ventricles
ventricles
- ventricles have much stronger muscles
- once filled with blood, the ventricles contract to send blood to the lungs or through systemic circulation
atrioventrical valves
-separate the atrium from the ventricles
semilunar valves
separate the ventricles from the vasculature
pulmonary valve
the valve that separates the right ventricle from pulmonary circulation
aortic valve
the valve that separates the left ventricle from aorta
sinoatrial node
the location of impulse initiation
atrial systole
atrial contraction due to the senatorial node
-provides more pressure for ventricle
atrial kick
the extra pressure due to the additional volume of this blood
AV node
- after the signal from the SA node passes through the atrial systole, it moves to the atrial node
- it is delayed at this node to allow the ventricle to fill before it contracts
pukinje fibers
the last stop for the pulse produced by the SA node
-these fibers disperse the pulse throughout the ventricular muscle
vagus nerve
provides the parasympathetic(“rest-and-digest) signals of the heart
systole
the contraction of the ventricles and closure of the AV valves which pumps blood from the ventricles
diastole
-the heart is relaxed, the semilunar valves are closed and blood from the atria fills the ventricles
cardiac output
total blood volume pumped by a ventricle in a minute
-CO=Heart rate x Stroke volume
arteries
- carry blood away from heart
- largest artery is aorta
- branch into arterioles
- have a lot more smooth muscle than do veins
- only pulmonary and umbilical arteries have deoxygenated blood
- elastic, recoil
capillaries
- formed from arterioles
- ultimately permeate the tissues
- only a single layer of endothelial cells
- thin wall allows for easy diffusion of gases, nutrients and waste
Venules
-capillaries join together to form these and these form together to form veins
endothelial cells
- cells that line all blood vessels
- release chemicals that help with vasodilation and vasoconstriction
veins
transport blood to the heart
- other than pulmonary and umbilical veins, all veins carry deoxygenated blood
- less recoil than arteries due to the smaller amount of smooth muscle in the walls
- able to stretch more easily and thus hold more blood
- most veins surrounded by skeletal muscle that helps push blood through them
- against gravity so risk of blood clots
Venae Cavae
- location where blood is returned to the heart
- superior vena cava (SVC): returns blood from above the heart
- Inferior vena cava (IVC): returns blood from below the heart
Pathway
Right Atrium > Tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulmonary valve > pulmonary artery > lungs pulmonary veins > left atrium > mitral valve > left ventricle > aortic valve > aorta > arteries > arterioles > capillaries > venules > veins > vena cavae > right atrium
Hepatic portal system
Blood travels from the gut capillarity beds to the liver capillary bed via the heptic portal vein
Portal system
one in which blood passes through two capillary beds in series
Hypopheseal portal system
blood travels from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
Renal portal system
blood travels from the glomerulus to the vesa recta through an efferent arteriole
Starting with the impulse, what are the structures in the conduction system of the heart?
Sinoatrial (SA) node > Atrioventricular (AV) Node > Bundle of His (AV bundle) and its branches > purkinje fibers
capillaries
Carries blood: From arterioles to venules
Relative thickness: Very thin (one cell layer)
Smooth muscles : NO
Contains valves: No
Which vessel contains valves
Veins because moves against gravity
Why does the right side of the heart contain less cardiac muscle than the left side?
The right side of the heart pumps blood into a lower-resistance circuit and must do so at lower pressure; therefore it requires less muscle. The left side of the heart pumps blood into a higher -resistance circuit at higher pressure; therefore need more cardiac muscles
Plasma
the liquid part of blood
-an aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones and blood proteins
blood
45% cells 55% liquids
Erythrocytes
- red blood cells
- specialized in the transport of oxygen through blood
- each cell contains about 250 million molecules of hemoglobin, each of which can hold 4 oxygen molecules
- rely entirely on glycolysis for ATP because they have no way to carry out oxidative phosphorylation
- no nucleus, mitochondria or organell bound memebrane
- biconcave shape which increases surface area
hematocrit
-measurement of the percentage of how much of the blood sample contains red blood cells
Leukocytes
- white blood cells
- act as defenders against pathogens
granulocytes
- contain granules that are visible under the microscope
- granules contain a variety of compounds that are toxic to the invading microbes, and content is released through exocytosis
lymphocytes
- help in the attack against bacteria and viruses
- some function as primary responders against infection and others act to help maintain a long-term memory bank of pathogen recognition
- help our bodies learn from recognition
monocytes
- phagocytize foreign matter such as bacteria
- once they leave the bloodstream and enter an organ they are renames macrophages
Thrombocytes
- platelets
- shards released from cells in bone marrow
- function is to assist in blood clotting
- no nucleus
Types of granulocytes
Neutrophiles
eosiniphiles
basophiles
Types of agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
monocytes
Erythropoietin
-secreted by the kidney and stimulates red blood cell development
thrombopoietin
secreted by the liver and kidney and promotes platelet development
Antigen
- on the surface of red blood cells
- an antigen is any specific target, usually a protein, to which the immune system can react
blood type O
- universal donor
- neither A or B alleles are expressed so no antibodies will be created by the recipient
blood type AB
-universal recipients
RH factor
- surface protein expressed on red blood cells
- expressed as a + or - on the ABO antigens
- if mother is + and child is -, the first child is okay but the second child’s red blood cells will be attacked by the anti - antibodies
erythroblastosis fetalis
-the condition characterized by the attack on fetal red blood cells by mom’s antibodies
sphygmomanometer
measure blood pressure
oxygen saturation
the percentage of hemoglobin carrying oxygen
Binding to hemoglobin
- after first oxygen binds to hemoglobin in the lungs, it causes a conformational change from taut to relaxed
- this increases hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen
- once they are all full, the removal of one oxygen causes the affinity to drop, thus releasing the oxygen
- results in a sigmoidal S-shaped graph
- Cooperative binding
CO2 transportation
-some taken up by hemoglobin but majority in blood as bicarbonate
carbonic anhydrase
catalyzes the combination reaction between carbon dioxide and water to make carbonic acid which loses a proton to become bicarbonate when CO2 enters the red blood cell
hydrostatic pressure
the force per unit area the blood exerts against the vessel walls
osmotic pressure
sucking pressure generated by solutes as they attempt to draw water into the bloodstream
clots
composed of coagulating factors and platelets
-prevent blood loss
Plasmin
- breaks down clot
- generated from plasminogen
right shift on oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
- caused by increased CO2, increased H+, decreased pH, increased temperature
- Lower affinity for O2 so more O2 given to tissues
fibrin
stabilizes clot
- activated by thrombin
exposure to collagen and tissue factor
starts the coagulation cascade
End of the cascade?
Activation of prothrombin to form thrombin by thromboplastin
Thrombin can then convert fibrinogen into fibrin
venous end of capillary bed
- osmotic pressure is greater than hydrostatic pressure
- liquid comes in through it
Arterioles end of capillary bed
-osmotic pressure is less than hydrostatic pressure
ADH
increase water absorption in kidney
aldosterone
increase salt absorption, leads to increase water absorption in kidney
Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP) is released when?
Released when Blood pressure is high to decrease it
