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Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

cardiovascular system

A

-contains a muscular, four chambered heart, blood vessels and blood

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2
Q

right side of heart

A

sends blood to lungs through arteries to be reoxygenated

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3
Q

left side of heart

A

receives oxygenated blood through veins and sends it around body

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4
Q

heart

A

four-chambered structure composed mostly of cardiac muscle

-contains two pumps, one on each side

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5
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

-the acceptance of deoxygenated blood by the right side of the heart and the pumping of it through arteries to the lungs

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6
Q

systemic circulation

A

-the acceptance of oxygenated blood from the veins in the left side of the heart and the pumping it around the body

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7
Q

atria

A

thin-walled structures of which receive blood from the lungs or body
-once filled they pump blood to the ventricles

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8
Q

ventricles

A
  • ventricles have much stronger muscles

- once filled with blood, the ventricles contract to send blood to the lungs or through systemic circulation

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9
Q

atrioventrical valves

A

-separate the atrium from the ventricles

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10
Q

semilunar valves

A

separate the ventricles from the vasculature

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11
Q

pulmonary valve

A

the valve that separates the right ventricle from pulmonary circulation

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12
Q

aortic valve

A

the valve that separates the left ventricle from aorta

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13
Q

sinoatrial node

A

the location of impulse initiation

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14
Q

atrial systole

A

atrial contraction due to the senatorial node

-provides more pressure for ventricle

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15
Q

atrial kick

A

the extra pressure due to the additional volume of this blood

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16
Q

AV node

A
  • after the signal from the SA node passes through the atrial systole, it moves to the atrial node
  • it is delayed at this node to allow the ventricle to fill before it contracts
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17
Q

pukinje fibers

A

the last stop for the pulse produced by the SA node

-these fibers disperse the pulse throughout the ventricular muscle

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18
Q

vagus nerve

A

provides the parasympathetic(“rest-and-digest) signals of the heart

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19
Q

systole

A

the contraction of the ventricles and closure of the AV valves which pumps blood from the ventricles

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20
Q

diastole

A

-the heart is relaxed, the semilunar valves are closed and blood from the atria fills the ventricles

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21
Q

cardiac output

A

total blood volume pumped by a ventricle in a minute

-CO=Heart rate x Stroke volume

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22
Q

arteries

A
  • carry blood away from heart
  • largest artery is aorta
  • branch into arterioles
  • have a lot more smooth muscle than do veins
  • only pulmonary and umbilical arteries have deoxygenated blood
  • elastic, recoil
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23
Q

capillaries

A
  • formed from arterioles
  • ultimately permeate the tissues
  • only a single layer of endothelial cells
  • thin wall allows for easy diffusion of gases, nutrients and waste
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24
Q

Venules

A

-capillaries join together to form these and these form together to form veins

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25
endothelial cells
- cells that line all blood vessels | - release chemicals that help with vasodilation and vasoconstriction
26
veins
transport blood to the heart - other than pulmonary and umbilical veins, all veins carry deoxygenated blood - less recoil than arteries due to the smaller amount of smooth muscle in the walls - able to stretch more easily and thus hold more blood - most veins surrounded by skeletal muscle that helps push blood through them - against gravity so risk of blood clots
27
Venae Cavae
- location where blood is returned to the heart - superior vena cava (SVC): returns blood from above the heart - Inferior vena cava (IVC): returns blood from below the heart
28
Pathway
Right Atrium > Tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulmonary valve > pulmonary artery > lungs pulmonary veins > left atrium > mitral valve > left ventricle > aortic valve > aorta > arteries > arterioles > capillaries > venules > veins > vena cavae > right atrium
29
Hepatic portal system
Blood travels from the gut capillarity beds to the liver capillary bed via the heptic portal vein
30
Portal system
one in which blood passes through two capillary beds in series
31
Hypopheseal portal system
blood travels from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
32
Renal portal system
blood travels from the glomerulus to the vesa recta through an efferent arteriole
33
Starting with the impulse, what are the structures in the conduction system of the heart?
Sinoatrial (SA) node > Atrioventricular (AV) Node > Bundle of His (AV bundle) and its branches > purkinje fibers
34
capillaries
Carries blood: From arterioles to venules Relative thickness: Very thin (one cell layer) Smooth muscles : NO Contains valves: No
35
Which vessel contains valves
Veins because moves against gravity
36
Why does the right side of the heart contain less cardiac muscle than the left side?
The right side of the heart pumps blood into a lower-resistance circuit and must do so at lower pressure; therefore it requires less muscle. The left side of the heart pumps blood into a higher -resistance circuit at higher pressure; therefore need more cardiac muscles
37
Plasma
the liquid part of blood | -an aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones and blood proteins
38
blood
45% cells 55% liquids
39
Erythrocytes
- red blood cells - specialized in the transport of oxygen through blood - each cell contains about 250 million molecules of hemoglobin, each of which can hold 4 oxygen molecules - rely entirely on glycolysis for ATP because they have no way to carry out oxidative phosphorylation - no nucleus, mitochondria or organell bound memebrane - biconcave shape which increases surface area
40
hematocrit
-measurement of the percentage of how much of the blood sample contains red blood cells
41
Leukocytes
- white blood cells | - act as defenders against pathogens
42
granulocytes
- contain granules that are visible under the microscope - granules contain a variety of compounds that are toxic to the invading microbes, and content is released through exocytosis
43
lymphocytes
- help in the attack against bacteria and viruses - some function as primary responders against infection and others act to help maintain a long-term memory bank of pathogen recognition - help our bodies learn from recognition
44
monocytes
- phagocytize foreign matter such as bacteria | - once they leave the bloodstream and enter an organ they are renames macrophages
45
Thrombocytes
- platelets - shards released from cells in bone marrow - function is to assist in blood clotting - no nucleus
46
Types of granulocytes
Neutrophiles eosiniphiles basophiles
47
Types of agranulocytes
Lymphocytes | monocytes
48
Erythropoietin
-secreted by the kidney and stimulates red blood cell development
49
thrombopoietin
secreted by the liver and kidney and promotes platelet development
50
Antigen
- on the surface of red blood cells | - an antigen is any specific target, usually a protein, to which the immune system can react
51
blood type O
- universal donor | - neither A or B alleles are expressed so no antibodies will be created by the recipient
52
blood type AB
-universal recipients
53
RH factor
- surface protein expressed on red blood cells - expressed as a + or - on the ABO antigens - if mother is + and child is -, the first child is okay but the second child's red blood cells will be attacked by the anti - antibodies
54
erythroblastosis fetalis
-the condition characterized by the attack on fetal red blood cells by mom's antibodies
55
sphygmomanometer
measure blood pressure
56
oxygen saturation
the percentage of hemoglobin carrying oxygen
57
Binding to hemoglobin
- after first oxygen binds to hemoglobin in the lungs, it causes a conformational change from taut to relaxed - this increases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen - once they are all full, the removal of one oxygen causes the affinity to drop, thus releasing the oxygen - results in a sigmoidal S-shaped graph - Cooperative binding
58
CO2 transportation
-some taken up by hemoglobin but majority in blood as bicarbonate
59
carbonic anhydrase
catalyzes the combination reaction between carbon dioxide and water to make carbonic acid which loses a proton to become bicarbonate when CO2 enters the red blood cell
60
hydrostatic pressure
the force per unit area the blood exerts against the vessel walls
61
osmotic pressure
sucking pressure generated by solutes as they attempt to draw water into the bloodstream
62
clots
composed of coagulating factors and platelets | -prevent blood loss
63
Plasmin
- breaks down clot | - generated from plasminogen
64
right shift on oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
- caused by increased CO2, increased H+, decreased pH, increased temperature - Lower affinity for O2 so more O2 given to tissues
65
fibrin
stabilizes clot | - activated by thrombin
66
exposure to collagen and tissue factor
starts the coagulation cascade
67
End of the cascade?
Activation of prothrombin to form thrombin by thromboplastin Thrombin can then convert fibrinogen into fibrin
68
venous end of capillary bed
- osmotic pressure is greater than hydrostatic pressure | - liquid comes in through it
69
Arterioles end of capillary bed
-osmotic pressure is less than hydrostatic pressure
70
ADH
increase water absorption in kidney
71
aldosterone
increase salt absorption, leads to increase water absorption in kidney
72
Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP) is released when?
Released when Blood pressure is high to decrease it

MCAT ALL (56 decks)

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