The Crusades Points Test 6 - The Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem

Question 1

Why should Baldwin I’s throne have passed to, on his death in 1118?

Answer 1

Eustace of Boulogne, his elder brother.

Question 2

Why did this Eustace of Boulogne not take the crown after his brother Baldwin’s death?

Answer 2

He was back in Europe/didn’t want to leave his lands.

Question 3

Who took the crown after Baldwin I?

Answer 3

Count Baldwin of Edessa, cousin of Baldwin I.

Question 4

Who did some of the nobility, angry at Baldwin II, ask to take the crown instead?

Answer 4

Charles the Good of Flanders.

Question 5

Why was the succession to Baldwin II fraught with difficulty?

Answer 5

All his children were girls, a problem for the House of KOJ throughout period.

Question 6

Who was Melisende offered to in marriage?

Answer 6

Fulk of Anjou.

Question 7

What was controversial about the manner in which Fulk became king, in the terms which Baldwin II imposed on his death bed?

Answer 7

Made joint monarch with Melisende and Baldwin III.

Question 8

Which supporter of Melisende led the local nobility in support of her, against Fulk?

Answer 8

Count Hugh of Jaffa.

Question 9

What controversial and treasonous alliance did Hugh make that undermined his support and forced him to come to terms?

Answer 9

Made alliance with Muslims of Ascalon.

Question 10

How did Hugh of Jaffa die?

Answer 10

Assassinated by Breton knight while awaiting ship for exile.

Question 11

Why, in William of Tyre’s view, may Fulk have wanted Hugh dead?

Answer 11

Rumour of illicit affair between him and Melisende.

Question 12

How did the relationship of hostility between Fulk and Melisende change, in the aftermath of this event and in Fulk’s realisation that he had alienated the local nobility and her by promoting his own supporters from France?

Answer 12

Became uxorious according to William of Tyre, ruled jointly and respectfully with her.

Question 13

Why may Fulk have initially acted in a way likely to alienate Melisende and Jerusalem’s nobility?

Answer 13

Had thought he was going to be sole king, not joint monarch.

Question 14

How did Fulk die in 1143?

Answer 14

Head injury falling from horse.

Question 15

When Baldwin III died, why was there a problem with succession?

Answer 15

He was childless.

Question 16

Who opposed rise of his brother Amalric, and why?

Answer 16

Powerful Ibelin clan, accused him of bigamy, as Agnes of Courtenay already married to hugh of Ibelin.

Question 17

How was the controversy of Amalric’s Bigamy resolved?

Answer 17

Amalric’s prior marriage dissolved on consanguinity, but children Baldwin IV and Sibylla recognised as legitimate.

Question 18

What was the problem with Amalric’s succession, despite having a male heir?

Answer 18

Baldwin IV had leprosy.

Question 19

Which of the 3 other crusader states had trouble with succession?

Answer 19

Antioch.

Question 20

Which 3 of Antioch’s leaders died in battle?

Answer 20

Roger of Antioch 1119, Bohemond II in 1130, Raymond in 1149.

Question 21

Which of 2 of Antioch’s leaders were held captive by the enemy?

Answer 21

Bohemond I, 1100-1103, Reynauld 1161-1176.

Question 22

Why did the amount of Antioch’s leaders being imprisoned cause problem in terms of securing the line of succession?

Answer 22

Little time for making heirs!

Question 23

When Bohemond II died and left his daughter Constance as heir, who tried to keep power, even ranging Antioch, Tripoli and Edessa in alliance against the KOJ in 1131-1132?

Answer 23

Alice, his widow.

Question 24

Why was Constance’s marriage to Raymond of Poitiers, despite her being 8 (canon law set marriage age minimum at 12), seen as too necessary to delay?

Answer 24

Growing Muslim power, Zangi took more Frankish land in north by 1135.

Question 25

When was Baldwin IV crowned?

Answer 25

15th July 1174, 75th anniversary of capture of Jerusalem, aged 13 (a minor).

Question 26

Who was chosen as Baldwin IV's 1st regent?

Answer 26

His father’s seneschal Miles of Plancy, murdered quickly after.

Question 27

Who quickly became Baldwin IV's second regent?

Answer 27

Raymond III of Tripoli, Baldwin’s closest male relative in east.

Question 28

Why, despite being a local noble, was Raymond III of Tripoli a relative newcomer to Outremer politics?

Answer 28

Had spent 10 years in captivity.

Question 29

Who was an ardent admirer of Raymond of Tripoli, often colouring his works and perceptions of Guy de Luisignan?

Answer 29

William of Tyre.

Question 30

Which lordship in KOJ did Raymond III of Tripoli also control, making himself powerful in the kingdom, as well as the head of a crusader state in his own right?

Answer 30

Galilee.

Question 31

Which Muslim source in 1184 confirmed the view that Raymond of Tripoli would make a strong king?

Answer 31

Ibn Jubyar.

Question 32

Who did Raymond and leading men of Jerusalem initially choose as candidate to marry Sibylla, to secure line given Baldwin IV’s disintegration from disease?

Answer 32

William Longsword, son of Count of Montferrat.

Question 33

When did Raymond’s 1st regency end?

Answer 33

When Baldwin IV came of age, July 1176.

Question 34

Who was Baldwin IV attempting to attack Egypt with, despite Myriocephalum, and how would this have been possible?

Answer 34

Byzantines/still had strong navy and wanted to help secure control of eastern Mediterranean (precedent of campaigns with Amalric).

Question 35

When Nur al-Din died in 1174, Saladin held Egypt, but who held… Damascus? Aleppo? Mosul? (1 mark for each).

Answer 35

Damascus? Tried to be independent Aleppo? Nur al-Din’s son as-Salih Mosul? Nur al-Din’s nephew saif ad-Din.

Question 36

When did Saladin take control of Damascus? | October 1174.

Answer 36

October 1174.

Question 37

When Saladin was proclaiming himself the champion of Sunni Orthodoxy, what had he done in Egypt in 1171 to affirm this claim?

Answer 37

Removed Shiite caliphate.

Question 38

After defeating Aleppan forces at Hama in spring of 1175, who invested him with government of Egypt, Syria and Yemen (but not, to Saladin’s fury, Aleppo?).

Answer 38

The Abbasid Sunni Caliph of Baghdad.

Question 39

Who nearly assassinated Saladin twice at this time, and why?

Answer 39

Assassins, he was trying to take their castles, e.g. Masyaf.

Question 40

How, martially, did Saladin secure his position of dominance in the Muslim Near East even further?

Answer 40

Late 1176, married Nur al-Din’s widow.

Question 41

Which two writers were contemporary biographers of Saladin, who did much to enhance his reputation?

Answer 41

Beda ad-Din, Qadi/Judge of the army 1181-11193, and Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani .

Question 42

What did Saladin never do, that Nur al-Din did, that would be surprising given his claims to/genuine commitment to Islam?

Answer 42

Never went on Haj.

Question 43

What did Saladin do in religious terms to prove his Islamic credentials?

Answer 43

Supporters Madrasas (teaching schools) and charitable foundations/set up theology schools of his own sect of Sunni Islam in Egypt.

Question 44

What positions did Saladin give his father Ayyub?

Answer 44

Treasurer of Cairo.

Question 45

What blow did KOJ suffer dynastically in 1177, while preparing for joint invasion of Egypt with Byzantines?

Answer 45

Death of William Longsword.

Question 46

Who became the new regent?

Answer 46

Reynauld de Chatillion.

Question 47

Which famous crusader came to join the 1177 attack on Egypt, from Northern Europe?

Answer 47

Count Philip of Flanders.

Question 48

Why did 1177 attack not occur?

Answer 48

Fallout between Byzantines, Philip of Flanders and Byzantines over who would control it in aftermath of conquest (earlier agreements in 1168 under Amalric stipulated Byzantines would get land). Greeks left furious, and Philip fought largely futile campaign in northern Syria-nothing achieved to dent Saladin’s power.

Question 49

At what battle was Saladin comprehensively defeated by smaller Frankish army, led by RdC and Baldwin IV?

Answer 49

Montgiscard.

Question 50

What was the ironic downside of Montgiscard, in terms of receiving help from the west?

Answer 50

Latin West thought KOJ was secure!

Question 51

What was Saladin’s reaction to this defeat in Egypt, which reveals how serious a blow this was?

Answer 51

Kept news of defeat a secret from Egyptian population.

Question 52

In autumn of 1178, what did the Crusaders build, to threaten Damascus 550km away?

Answer 52

Fort at Jacob’s ford, on river Jordan.

Question 53

How much did Saladin offer to prevent the fort at Jacob's ford from being built?

Answer 53

100,000 dinars.

Question 54

In spring of 1180, who was proposed as a prospective match to Sybilla, after birth of William of Longsword’s son Baldwin V?

Answer 54

Duke Hugh III of Burgundy.

Question 55

As Hugh of Burgundy was in Europe, and Raymond III of Tripoli/Bohemond III of Antioch appeared to want an Ibelin to marry Sybilla and depose Baldwin, who did Baldwin marry her to prevent this?

Answer 55

Guy de Lusignan?

Question 56

What position did Guy's brother Aimery hold prior to Guy's marriage to Sybilla?

Answer 56

Constable of Jerusalem.

Question 57

Who was Guy de Lusignan a vassal of?

Answer 57

Henry II (a Poitevin).

Question 58

How have earlier historians defined the courtly division of supporters of Raymond III of Tripoli and Guy/Sybilla?

Answer 58

Doves and Hawks.

Question 59

How did Edbury (1993) and Philips more accurately define the division?

Answer 59

Supporters of either maternal or paternal line of Baldwin (either Agnes of Courtenay or Raymond/Bohemond of the Paternal line).

Question 60

When Isabella married Humphrey IV of Toron, why did this weaken the KOJ diplomatically?

Answer 60

No marital alliances with foreign powers possible.

Question 61

Whose death in 1180 deprived Crusader states of one of their most important supporters?

Answer 61

Emperor Manuel Comnenus.

Question 62

Which Pope issued an 1181 bull supporting another crusade, but also criticising Baldwin IV as having leprosy due to his sins?

Answer 62

Alexander III.

Question 63

In July 1182, where did Franks again defeat Saladin in battle?

Answer 63

La Forbelet.

Question 64

Which campaign by Reynauld de Chatillion caught Saladin completely by surprise, and undermined his reputation as defender of Islam?

Answer 64

Attack on Red Sea/Arabian peninsula, using 5 kit-packed vessels.

Question 65

How did Saladin punish the captured franks in Arabia?

Answer 65

Ritually slaughtered 2 at Mecca, and others elsewhere throughout his lands.

Question 66

In May 1183, which vital northern Syrian city did Saladin finally win?

Answer 66

Aleppo.

Question 67

What tax issued by the general council of the KOJ, the Curia Generalis, in February 1183 illustrated the precarious financial and defensive situation of the kingdom?

Answer 67

General levy of 1 on all property of value of 100 bezants, 2% on all income of over 200 Bezants. Those with lower income to pay 1 bezant, regardless of tongue, race or creed.

Question 68

Who did Baldwin chose as regent in autumn 1183 due to his failing health?

Answer 68

Guy de Luisignan.

Question 69

At what place did Guy’s army manage to force Saladin to withdraw, due to lack of provisions?

Answer 69

Al-Fule/The Pools of Goliath.

Question 70

Why did Baldwin IV nonetheless dismiss Guy in disgrace due to Al-Fule?

Answer 70

Felt Guy should have destroyed Saladin/damage to crops/raid on Mount Tabor, Orthodox monastery-Guy accused of incompetence by political enemies.

Question 71

Who was crowned co-king with Baldwin IV before his death?

Answer 71

Baldwin V, Baldwin IV’s nephew.

Question 72

Who led the high-level diplomatic mission to the west in 1184, accompanied by the heads of the Templar and Hospitaller orders?

Answer 72

Patriarch Heraclius of Jerusalem.

Question 73

Which 2 monarchs refused the keys of Jerusalem from Heraclius?

Answer 73

Henry II and Philip II.

Question 74

What financial aid did both offer the KOJ, though no troops?

Answer 74

30,000 marks.

Question 75

Due to the ongoing tensions/risk of civil war between Baldwin IV and Guy/Sybilla, who did Baldwin IV reluctantly make regent in 1185?

Answer 75

Raymond of Tripoli.

Question 76

To restrict Raymond’s power as regent in 1185, who would chose next heir of Jerusalem if Baldwin IV died?

Answer 76

Pope, Rulers of England, France and Germany.

Question 77

When did Baldwin IV die, and at what age?

Answer 77

May 1185, aged 23.

Question 78

Who died in summer 1186?

Answer 78

Baldwin V.

Question 79

In response to Raymond trying to seize control of kingdom, how did Sybilla ensure that Guy would be crowned king instead?

Answer 79

Made deal with nobility at Baldwin IV’s funeral that she would divorce Guy and become queen, so long as she could chose her new husband. She announced divorce, got crowned, and when asked who her new husband was, got Guy crowned!

Question 80

Who, as well as Raymond, refused to submit to Guy in 1186?

Answer 80

Balien of Ibelin.

Question 81

Who did Raymond make a deal with when holding out against Guy, allowing him to garrison troops in Tiberias?

Answer 81

Saladin.

Question 82

Which City recognised Saladin’s overlordship in 1185?

Answer 82

Mosul.

Question 83

What did Reynauld de Chatillion do to provoke Saladin in Winter of 1186-87?

Answer 83

Attacked Muslim caravan/refused to pay compensation, Guy unable to force him to.

Question 84

What battle occurred when Al-Afdal, Saladin’s eldest son, raided Galilee with 7,000 men and Masters of orders near Nazareth (130 knights and 300 sergeants) tried to defend holy sites?

Answer 84

Battle of Cresson

Question 85

Why did Philips argue it was idiotic for the crusaders to fight at Cresson?

Answer 85

Overwhelmingly outnumbered?

Question 86

Why did Tyerman argue that the crusaders didn’t really have a choice BUT to fight at Cresson?

Answer 86

Were compelled by rules of their orders to attempt defence.

Question 87

In May/June 1187, as Saladin’s forces from Syria, Northern Iraq and Egypt assembled, where did the crusaders muster to face him?

Answer 87

Sapphorie.

Question 88

What money had been used to augment force of 1,300 knights and 15,000 foot with mercenaries, to face the 20-30,000 strong Muslim force?

Answer 88

Donation of Henry II.

Question 89

Who was besieged in Tiberias prior to Hattin, which made Guy advance to relief town?

Answer 89

Raymond of Tripoli’s wife.

Question 90

Why did Raymond counsel waiting and not engaging at Hattin?

Answer 90

Saladin’s army, in time, would have/want to disperse home/harvest/lack of resources.

Question 91

Who helped convince Guy to reverse decision to accept this advice, on night of 2nd July 1187, along with Reynauld de Chatillion?

Answer 91

Master of Templars Gerard de Ridefort.

Question 92

Why was march to Tiberias from initial crusader camp prior to Hattin so treacherous?

Answer 92

Little water supply for 30km.

Question 93

Why did Guy decide to push on, despite sluggish pace, the Muslim horse-archers and fear of defeat, after the first day at Hattin?

Answer 93

No choice now-closest water 10km away at Lake Tiberias.

Question 94

Who led vanguard in a charge at Hattin, but either ran or was unable to re-join crusader army due to Muslim numbers/topography of ground (charging uphill?)

Answer 94

Raymond of Tripoli.

Question 95

What did Saladin capture on the horns of Hattin, symbolising the final defeat of Crusader army?

Answer 95

Piece of True Cross.

Question 96

Who, alongside Reynauld, was executed after Hattin, while Guy and other important nobles held prisoner and most of captives sold into slavery?

Answer 96

Templars and Hospitallers.

Question 97

Why KOJ largely unable to defend itself after Hattin?

Answer 97

Guy had stripped all garrisons-barely troops left.

Question 98

Who led the successful defence at Tyre?

Answer 98

Conrad of Montferrant?

Question 99

What were terms of Jerusalem’s surrender? Give three points.

Answer 99

Muslim prisoners released/accepted ransoms for Christians who could pay/of remainder, young men and women enslaved but elderly freed/no massacres/no Latin could remain in Jerusalem, Orthodox Christians could if accepted Dhimmi status/Christian churches converted into Mosques/Minabar set up in Al-Aqsa Mosque/Holy Sepulchre spared and pilgrims accepted.