The Crusades Points Test 2 - The First Crusade's Course and Impact Flashcards
What symbols were crusaders given at the start of their journey?
Pilgrim’s staff and scrip, and cross.
Why would joining the crusade not have been ‘voluntary’ in practice for member’s of a noble household?
If he goes, they pretty much have to, due to feudal obligations!
What percentage of the 60,000 who set out on the first crusade were knights?
10%./5,000.
What was the intended meeting point for the first crusader contingents?
Constantinople (spring 1097).
Why did no kings take part in the crusade? (Any valid reason for 1 mark)
Philip I excommunicated, adulterous relationship with countess of Anjou.
Henry IV papal opponent in investiture contest.
William Rufus too busy with England to be interested.
Who were the 8 major leaders at the start of the crusade, other than the papal legate? (1 for each)
Count Hugh of Vermandois, king’s brother. Robert II Duke of Normandy. Count Robert II of Flanders. Count Stephen of Blois. Raymond of St-Gilles, Count of Toulouse. Godfrey of Bouillion, Duke of Lower Lotharingia Bohemond of Taranto Tancred of Lecce
When did the armies set out?
Late summer of 1096.
What had departed France in spring of 1096?
Peasant’s/People’s Crusade.
From what period did the First Crusade contingents begin to arrive in Constantinople?
Nov. 1096 to May 1097.
What acts, from the siege of Antioch, showed the tensions between different regional groups in the crusader army?
At siege, northern and southern French identified own foraging parties, beat up rivals, let neutrals go!
Who claimed to have been made overall leader, until his desertion in June 1098 from Antioch?
Stephen of Blois.
When did Adhemar of Le Puy die?
1st August 1098.
Which crusader leader was an old enemy of Alexius I?
Bohemond of Taranto.
What oath did Alexius require the crusader leaders to swear?
That they would return all the lands that had once belonged to the Greeks to him.
Why did Raymond of St-Gilles refuse to take this oath of fealty to the Emperor?
Incompatible with oath to God.
What lesser oath did he swear?
To protect Emperor’s life and person.
What was the basic division/origin of division between Sunni and Shia Muslims?
Over the succession to the prophet Muhammad: Shia supported claim of Ali his cousin and son-in-law and successors, whereas Sunni said immediate elected successors/caliphs the leaders.
Where was the capital of the Sunni Abassid caliphate, and the Fatimid Caliphate?
Baghdad and Cairo.
What did the Arabic writer Ibn Taghribirdi call the year 1094?
‘The year of deaths of caliphs and commanders’.
What was the meaning of the Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah’s title, and when did he die?
Great king/1092.
How were many of the Muslims in the Near East mistaken about the nature of the crusade?
Saw it as a Byzantine mercenary relief force, not a separate army.
What city did First crusade first attack in May 1097?
Nicaea.
What annoyed the crusaders about the Byzantine ending of the siege?
No looting allowed/city to Byzantines, no material gain.
Which battle was Kilij Arslan defeated in by the crusader army later that month?
Dorylaeum.
By what stage had Baldwin of Boulogne set up the crusader state of Edessa?
March 1098.
Who welcomed crusader help in Edessa?
Armenian Christians.
At what point did Crusader forces arrive at Antioch?
October 1097.
Why was Antioch a difficult city to attack? Give three points.
Large circle of walls.
Well-provisioned.
Formidable citadel high above city.
How long did the siege last?
8 months.
Why were crusaders unable to encircle the city?
Too few.
When did Bohemond launch attack to take city, but not citadel, of Antioch?
3 June 1098.
Which leader, from which city, led a relief army to attack the crusaders?
Kerbogha of Mosul.
What was the derisive nickname given to crusaders who fled the crusade at Antioch?
“Rope-danglers”.
Why did Alexius and his relief army not march on Antioch?
Stephen of Blois convinced him all was lost, fearful of threat from Cumans to Constantinople.
What did this enable Bohemond to do in future?
Claim Alexius had broken oath bargain.
Who was it who claimed to have been told by St Andrew where to find the Holy Lance?
Peter Bartholomew.
On 28th June 1098, how did Franks defeat the Muslim army? Give three points.
Discipline-in tight infantry blocks, obeyed commands.
Familiar with Muslim tactics, able to cope with them.
Muslims disunited, many fled when pressed.
Which town did crusaders besiege in December 1098, on way to Jerusalem?
Ma’arrat.
What incidents were reported there?
Cannibalism.
Who was blamed by many of the rank and file for holding up the crusade?
Raymond of St Gilles.
Who rose to prominence at this time among the crusader leaders?
Godfrey of Bouillion.
When did Crusader forces finally reach Jerusalem?
7th June 1099.
How large was the army now?
1,300 knights, 12,500 foot.
Who controlled the city, who had previously been allied to the crusaders?
Fatimids of Egypt.
What did Godfrey do on night of 13th July?
Moved siege tower by dissembling and reassembling it to eastern part of wall.
Which leader was furious when, on 16th July, other crusaders slaughtered Muslims in the Dome of the Rock, where he promised them protection?
Tancred.
From which book of the bible did William Tyre take his imagery of blood in the city being up to the bridles of horses?
Book of Revelation.
How many people did he say were killed in siege?
10,000.
How many did Ibn al-Athair later in 12th century say?
75,000.
At what battle did the crusaders defeat the relief force under the Vizier al-Afdal?
Ascalon.
How many knights decided to stay on in the city?
300.
What 4 crusader states were thus formed by the crusade? (4 marks)
KOJ
Antioch
Edessa
County of Tripoli.
