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A-Level History > The Crusades Points Test 2 - The First Crusade's Course and Impact > Flashcards

The Crusades Points Test 2 - The First Crusade's Course and Impact Flashcards

1
Q

What symbols were crusaders given at the start of their journey?

A

Pilgrim’s staff and scrip, and cross.

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2
Q

Why would joining the crusade not have been ‘voluntary’ in practice for member’s of a noble household?

A

If he goes, they pretty much have to, due to feudal obligations!

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3
Q

What percentage of the 60,000 who set out on the first crusade were knights?

A

10%./5,000.

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4
Q

What was the intended meeting point for the first crusader contingents?

A

Constantinople (spring 1097).

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5
Q

Why did no kings take part in the crusade? (Any valid reason for 1 mark)

A

Philip I excommunicated, adulterous relationship with countess of Anjou.
Henry IV papal opponent in investiture contest.
William Rufus too busy with England to be interested.

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6
Q

Who were the 8 major leaders at the start of the crusade, other than the papal legate? (1 for each)

A 
Count Hugh of Vermandois, king’s brother.
Robert II Duke of Normandy.
Count Robert II of Flanders.
Count Stephen of Blois.
Raymond of St-Gilles, Count of Toulouse.
Godfrey of Bouillion, Duke of Lower Lotharingia
Bohemond of Taranto
Tancred of Lecce
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7
Q

When did the armies set out?

A

Late summer of 1096.

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8
Q

What had departed France in spring of 1096?

A

Peasant’s/People’s Crusade.

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9
Q

From what period did the First Crusade contingents begin to arrive in Constantinople?

A

Nov. 1096 to May 1097.

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10
Q

What acts, from the siege of Antioch, showed the tensions between different regional groups in the crusader army?

A

At siege, northern and southern French identified own foraging parties, beat up rivals, let neutrals go!

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11
Q

Who claimed to have been made overall leader, until his desertion in June 1098 from Antioch?

A

Stephen of Blois.

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12
Q

When did Adhemar of Le Puy die?

A

1st August 1098.

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13
Q

Which crusader leader was an old enemy of Alexius I?

A

Bohemond of Taranto.

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14
Q

What oath did Alexius require the crusader leaders to swear?

A

That they would return all the lands that had once belonged to the Greeks to him.

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15
Q

Why did Raymond of St-Gilles refuse to take this oath of fealty to the Emperor?

A

Incompatible with oath to God.

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16
Q

What lesser oath did he swear?

A

To protect Emperor’s life and person.

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17
Q

What was the basic division/origin of division between Sunni and Shia Muslims?

A

Over the succession to the prophet Muhammad: Shia supported claim of Ali his cousin and son-in-law and successors, whereas Sunni said immediate elected successors/caliphs the leaders.

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18
Q

Where was the capital of the Sunni Abassid caliphate, and the Fatimid Caliphate?

A

Baghdad and Cairo.

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19
Q

What did the Arabic writer Ibn Taghribirdi call the year 1094?

A

‘The year of deaths of caliphs and commanders’.

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20
Q

What was the meaning of the Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah’s title, and when did he die?

A

Great king/1092.

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21
Q

How were many of the Muslims in the Near East mistaken about the nature of the crusade?

A

Saw it as a Byzantine mercenary relief force, not a separate army.

22
Q

What city did First crusade first attack in May 1097?

A

Nicaea.

23
Q

What annoyed the crusaders about the Byzantine ending of the siege?

A

No looting allowed/city to Byzantines, no material gain.

24
Q

Which battle was Kilij Arslan defeated in by the crusader army later that month?

A

Dorylaeum.

25
Q

By what stage had Baldwin of Boulogne set up the crusader state of Edessa?

A

March 1098.

26
Q

Who welcomed crusader help in Edessa?

A

Armenian Christians.

27
Q

At what point did Crusader forces arrive at Antioch?

A

October 1097.

28
Q

Why was Antioch a difficult city to attack? Give three points.

A

Large circle of walls.
Well-provisioned.
Formidable citadel high above city.

29
Q

How long did the siege last?

A

8 months.

30
Q

Why were crusaders unable to encircle the city?

A

Too few.

31
Q

When did Bohemond launch attack to take city, but not citadel, of Antioch?

A

3 June 1098.

32
Q

Which leader, from which city, led a relief army to attack the crusaders?

A

Kerbogha of Mosul.

33
Q

What was the derisive nickname given to crusaders who fled the crusade at Antioch?

A

“Rope-danglers”.

34
Q

Why did Alexius and his relief army not march on Antioch?

A

Stephen of Blois convinced him all was lost, fearful of threat from Cumans to Constantinople.

35
Q

What did this enable Bohemond to do in future?

A

Claim Alexius had broken oath bargain.

36
Q

Who was it who claimed to have been told by St Andrew where to find the Holy Lance?

A

Peter Bartholomew.

37
Q

On 28th June 1098, how did Franks defeat the Muslim army? Give three points.

A

Discipline-in tight infantry blocks, obeyed commands.
Familiar with Muslim tactics, able to cope with them.
Muslims disunited, many fled when pressed.

38
Q

Which town did crusaders besiege in December 1098, on way to Jerusalem?

A

Ma’arrat.

39
Q

What incidents were reported there?

A

Cannibalism.

40
Q

Who was blamed by many of the rank and file for holding up the crusade?

A

Raymond of St Gilles.

41
Q

Who rose to prominence at this time among the crusader leaders?

A

Godfrey of Bouillion.

42
Q

When did Crusader forces finally reach Jerusalem?

A

7th June 1099.

43
Q

How large was the army now?

A

1,300 knights, 12,500 foot.

44
Q

Who controlled the city, who had previously been allied to the crusaders?

A

Fatimids of Egypt.

45
Q

What did Godfrey do on night of 13th July?

A

Moved siege tower by dissembling and reassembling it to eastern part of wall.

46
Q

Which leader was furious when, on 16th July, other crusaders slaughtered Muslims in the Dome of the Rock, where he promised them protection?

A

Tancred.

47
Q

From which book of the bible did William Tyre take his imagery of blood in the city being up to the bridles of horses?

A

Book of Revelation.

48
Q

How many people did he say were killed in siege?

A

10,000.

49
Q

How many did Ibn al-Athair later in 12th century say?

A

75,000.

50
Q

At what battle did the crusaders defeat the relief force under the Vizier al-Afdal?

A

Ascalon.

51
Q

How many knights decided to stay on in the city?

A

300.

52
Q

What 4 crusader states were thus formed by the crusade? (4 marks)

A

KOJ
Antioch
Edessa
County of Tripoli.

A-Level History (54 decks)

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