Stuart Britain Points Test 5- The Protectorate Flashcards
Why is very difficult to assess Cromwell’s political beliefs/motives?
He never made these clear/often not present at major events, though may have had a hand in them.
What action did Cromwell do when addressing barebones parliament in 1653, that makes many believe he was a man of great passion and conviction?
Cried!
How did Cromwell have what Blair Worden describe as ‘ideological schizophrenia’, that may explain his seemingly inconsistent behaviour?
Religious radical, political conservative.
Who did Cromwell seek to restore in 1649 to parliament, after they had been kicked out of the army?
MPs excluded from rump.
What was Cromwell’s mantra for promoting harmony in aftermath of regicide?
‘Healing and Settling’.
What was Cromwell’s idea of religious toleration?
Maintenance of Protestant Unity within a national church.
Who drafted the ‘Instrument of Government’?
John Lambert.
How regularly would single-chamber parliaments representing England, Ireland and Scotland to be called under the provisions of the Instrument of Government?
Triennially.
Who alone wouldn’t be tolerated in terms of Christianity under the protectorate?
Catholics/religious radicals threatening peace.
Who did the Lord Protector share executive power with?
Council, elected by parliament (as Protector was).
What could Protector and council issue when parliament not in session?
Ordinances.
How did Cromwell complain that the rules of the Instrument of Government constrained him?
“Like a child in swaddling clothes”.
How membership of council chosen to reassure conservative opinion?
8/15 civilians, only 3 soldiers (Lambert, Fleetwood and Desborough).
What did Protectorate abolish in earliest act?
Oath of engagement.
What had caused financial hardship from 1646-1650 due to its failure?
Harvest.
What was carried out more efficiently than ever before under the protectorate, bringing local relief to the poorest in England?
Administration of Poor Law.
Who did Cromwell make peace with in 1654?
Dutch.
Whom did Cromwell ally with against Spain, who were supporting the Stuarts?
French.
What was the Western Design?
Attempt to break into/take Spanish Caribbean.
Which island was taken in 1655, one of the few successes of the Western Design?
Jamaica.
Who reorganised the English Navy at this time, helping hold the Dutch to a stalemate and helping make 77 ships of the line?
Admiral Robert Blake.
Which university did Cromwell set up?
Durham.
What did Cromwell only keep a minimum control of in terms of religion?
State control of religion.
Give any measure of religious legislation that Cromwell made?
Commissions of ejectors August 1654 to expel unfit ministers/March 1654 general commission of triers in London to approve appointment of all ministers.
Who did Cromwell readmit into England?
Jews.
Between pleasing which two groups did Cromwell’s policies and goals often founder?
Parliament/Political Nation and Army.
In what was Cromwell offered the crown in 1657?
The Humble petition and advice.
How long did first Protectorate Parliament last?
5 Months (September 1654-22nd January 1655).
What in particular had the First Protectorate Parliament refused to give, which so irritated Cromwell?
More religious tolerance to Protestants.
What rising in Wiltshire in May 1655 heralded the reign of the Major-Generals?
Penruddock uprising.
How much was the decimation tax, aimed at former royalists?
1/10th of persons worth over £100 per year in lands and £1,500 per year in goods.
What news of defeat may have motivated Cromwell to introduce the rule of major-generals, to escalate a godlier attitude?
Defeat of Western Expeditionary Force at San Domingo on 24th July 1653.
Who in particular loathed the rule of the major-generals?
The localities.
In election to Parliament in August 1656, how did the localities demonstrate their opposition to the Major-Generals?
Returned few Pro-Cromwellian MPs.
Which legal case ended the harmony of the Second Protectorate Parliament, due to the harshness of the punishment, in Winter of 1656=1657?
Case of James Nayler.
Who was Cromwell to be advised by under terms of Humble Petition and Advice?
Privy council.
What was created by the Humble Petition and Advice, in terms of governmental bodies?
A new Upper House, 40-70 men appointed by Cromwell and approved by Commons.
How much was financial support to army cut by in 1657, having been £60,000 a month 1654-1657 and £120,000 a month 1653-1654?
£35,000 a month.
What two reasons may Cromwell have refused the crown?
Fear of the army.
Fear of God’s judgement.
What ancient city in the bible did Cromwell refer to, in refusing the Crown?
Jericho.
When did Cromwell die?
3rd September 1658.
Who inherited the position of Protector?
Richard, Cromwell’s son.
What did Army force Richard to do on 21st April 1659? (1)
Dissolve parliament.
What did the army help return in 7th May 1659?
Rump!
How long did Rump rule for during this first period after Cromwell’s death?
May-October 1659.
How did army rule between October and December 1659?
Committee of Safety of army, ruling as interim government.
How long did Rump rule for in 2nd attempt?
December 1659 and March 1660.
What, under Monck’s protection, did return of ‘Long Parliament’ MPs of 1648 lead to?
Recall of Stuarts, by ordering of convention parliament.
When did Republic finally collapse?
April 1660.
