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A-Level History > French Revolution, Points Test 6 – The Formation of the Constitutional Monarchy 1789-1791 > Flashcards

French Revolution, Points Test 6 – The Formation of the Constitutional Monarchy 1789-1791 Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. What did the National Assembly do on 9th July 1790 and why did it do that?
A
  1. What did the National Assembly do on 9th July 1790 and why did it do that?
  • On 9th July, the National Assembly took a resolution to call itself the ‘Constituent Assembly’.
  • This was because its purpose was to draw up the new constitution.
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2
Q
  1. What is the difficulty with this decision by the National Assembly on 9th July 1790 , and when did it end?
A
  1. What is the difficulty with this, and when did it end?
  • Title used by some historians; others retain the use of ‘National Assembly’.
  • Many (as in this book) simply use the word ‘Assembly’, or the full title ‘National Constituent Assembly’.
  • This Assembly ceased on 30 September 1791.
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3
Q
  1. What was the intent behind the 1789 constitution?
A
  1. What was the intent behind the 1789 constitution?

• This constitution would curb the powers of the monarchy and provide ‘Liberty and Equality’.

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4
Q
  1. Why was the church the first target of the reforms of the Assembly?
A
  1. Why was the church the first target of the reforms of the Assembly?
  • One of first ‘victims’ of assembly’s desire for change was the church.
  • Its links with Ancien Régime and privileges of 1st estate made it obvious target
  • Philosophes often scathing in the criticisms of church power, influence and tolerance.
  • 1782, the writer Louis-Sebastien Mercier had complained that Paris ‘was full of priests and tonsured clerics who serve neither the church nor the state’.
  • Monks and nuns who devoted themselves to prayer and contemplation were seen as ‘wasters’ who contributed little to society.
  • Philosophes also disapproved of binding religious vows, often taken by those barely mature enough to understand their meaning.
  • Some of those most vehemently for reform clergy themselves.
  • Abbé Sieyes, Archbishop Talleyrand and Abbé Gergoire all believed temporal power of church should be removed.
  • This would allow it to concentrate on its spiritual function.
  • Attack on church power from 18th century anti-clerical literature and long-running issue of conflicting powers with the Pope and state provided further motives for reform.
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5
Q
  1. Why was the financial position of France by the end of 1789 so dire?
A
  1. Why was the financial position of France by the end of 1789 so dire?
  • In end of 1789, France in dire financial position.
  • Nothing done to solve problems that EG had been called to solve.
  • It had instead gotten worse, as peasants refused to pay their taxes.
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6
Q
  1. Why were conditions favourable to taking wealth from the church at this point in September 1789?
A
  1. Why were conditions favourable to taking wealth from the church at this point?
  • Wealth of Church tempting prospect of financial gain.
  • In excitement of August Decrees, clergy agreed to give up tithe and allow state to take over church funding.
  • Conditions therefore favourable to confiscate church riches.
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7
Q
  1. Who was Abbé Gregoire?
A
  1. Who was Abbé Gregoire?
  • Abbé Henri Gregoire (1750-1831) elected to estates general for 1st estate, but a convinced reformer.
  • Supported formation of National Assembly and reform of church abuses.
  • First cleric to undertake the oath under the CCC.
  • Became a ‘constitutional’ bishop.
  • Refused to renounce Christianity at the festival of reason in 1794.
  • Forced to resign his bishopric when Napoleon made a concordat with the Pope in 1801.
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8
Q
  1. What other steps weakened the power of the church in the early months of the revolution?
A
  1. What other steps weakened the power of the church in the early months of the revolution?
  • Pluralism (holding of more than one ecclesiastical office at a time to receive income in excess of 3000 livres, which produced ‘absentee’ clerics) abolished.
  • Payments of Annates (year’s revenue paid to Pope on appointment of abbot, bishop or archbishop).
  • Tithe, church tax and right of clergy to decide own taxation with Don Gratuit abolished.
  • Separate church assemblies (synods) abolished.
  • All church property nationalised (2 November 1789).
  • Full citizenship granted to Protestants (December 1789).
  • This extended to some Jews in January 1790, though most had to wait until September 1791.
  • All religious orders were dissolved, unless they could prove that they were contributing to the community, for example by providing for the poor or the sick.
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9
Q
  1. How did the assembly begin to use church wealth to relieve the state of financial debt?
A
  1. How did the assembly begin to use church wealth to relieve the state of financial debt?
  • From February 1790, state began to sell off monastic wealth and property.
  • From June, it sold Church lands and possessions.
  • This became the main means by which the new government was able to keep the economy of the revolutionary state afloat.
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10
Q
  1. When was the Constitution of the Civil Clergy introduced?
A
  1. When was the Constitution of the Civil Clergy introduced?

• This accomplished by the Civil Constitution of the Clergy of 12 July 1790.

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11
Q
  1. What did the CCC decree?
A
  1. What did the CCC decree?
  • Administrative structure of church reorganised; boundaries of diocese redrawn to correspond with administrative divisions of the state and every département was to have a bishop (this replaced 135 with 83 Bishoprics).
  • Clergymen would become paid state officials; a new salary structure would be put into force and clergy would be required to register in their dioceses.
  • Bishops and priests were to be elected; this would give French ‘Citizens’ control over their spiritual (as well as political) leaders.
  • The CCC effectively made the church subservient to the state.
  • Papal power to confirm (accept/reject) bishops also outlawed.
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12
Q
  1. Why was the Pope, Pius VI, in a difficult position to negotiate this, and how did he initially respond?
A
  1. Why was the Pope, Pius VI, in a difficult position to negotiate this, and how did he initially respond?
  • Pope, Pius VI, in no position to object to any of this, as he was engaged in rather delicate negotiation with the French State about his Papal enclave at Avignon.
  • He didn’t want to jeopardise his chances of retaining his territory.
  • Nevertheless, he gave no support to the CCC.
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13
Q
  1. What was the initial response from the clergy to the CCC, and Louis himself?
A
  1. What was the initial response from the clergy to the CCC, and Louis himself?
  • Some of the more conservative clerics in the Assembly, as well as the higher-ranking clergy within France, were highly critical of the measure.
  • The Assembly, dismissed a proposal by French Bishops and Clergy to hold a National Synod to discuss the matter.
  • This was on the grounds that these had been abolished.
  • In December 1790, a reluctant Louis was forced to accept the CCC.
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14
Q
  1. What did doubt about the church’s support for the CCC lead the assembly to do on 27th September 1790?
A
  1. What did doubt about the church’s support for the CCC lead the assembly to do on 27th September 1790?
  • Doubts about church’s support for CCC led the assembly on 27 September to demand an oath.
  • This would make all clergy swear “to be faithful to the nation, the law and the king and to maintain with all their power the constitution decreed by the National Assembly.”
  • Clerics who didn’t swear this oath would be deprived of their offices and salaries.
  • Oath trying to determine which clerics were loyal to the revolution.
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15
Q
  1. How many clergy supported this measure through their actions?
A
  1. How many clergy supported this measure through their actions?
  • The results showed that a large number were not, or at least not principally.
  • Of 160 bishops, only 7 swore.
  • Of Parish clergy, only 55% (varied by region) took the oath.
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16
Q
  1. What did the Pope do in April 1791, and how did many clergy respond?
A
  1. What did the Pope do in April 1791, and how did many clergy respond?
  • When Pope finally declared against CCC, in the Papal Bull ‘Charitas’ of April 1791, some retracted their oaths.
  • Pope suspended those who took the oath.
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17
Q
  1. How did the Assembly express its displeasure at the Pope’s actions in April 1791?
A
  1. How did the Assembly express its displeasure at the Pope’s actions?

• Occupied Avignon and (after plebiscite) annexed it to France.
• Declaring in November 1791 all non-juring or refractory priests (those who didn’t take oath) were ‘counter-revolutionaries’.
o Income stopped, forbidden from using religious buildings.
o April 1792, all forms of religious dress banned to emphasise clergy were ordinary ‘citizens’.
o May 1792, refractory priests could be deported.
o (See P.52 for map of those who did/didn’t take oath).

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18
Q
  1. What was the response of many clergy to the CCC?
A
  1. What was the response of many clergy to the CCC?
  • Large numbers of clergy fled abroad.
  • These joined swelling numbers of nobles who sought refuge in foreign countries.
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19
Q
  1. How did the CCC divide France, and why?
A
  1. How did the CCC divide France, and why?
  • Those living in central areas of France around Paris and those on border with Italy/Austrian largely for CCC.
  • However, those in strongly catholic, conservative parts of France – west, north, north-east and south of Massif-central- alarmed.
  • They wrongly feared that the Assembly was trying to change their faith.
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20
Q
  1. How did the CCC undermine support for the Revolution?
A
  1. How did this undermine support for the Revolution?
  • Many who had seen the revolution positively now opposed it.
  • For roughly half of population (especially women) fear of damnation proved greater than commitment to the revolution.
  • The CCC thus helped to destroy national unity.
  • It led to counter-revolution and civil war.
  • According to the historian J.F. Bosher, the CCC ‘was fated to divide the nation more than any other single measure.’
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21
Q
  1. On what one point were designers of the new constitution of France united?
A
  1. On what one point were designers of the new constitution of France united?

• Wanted a constitutional monarchy.

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22
Q
  1. What did the Assembly decide to ensure the king’s absolute power was destroyed?
A
  1. What did the Assembly decide to ensure the king’s absolute power was destroyed?

• July/August 1789: system of representative democracy in which…
- Elected governing body the legislative.
- The King/Royal Ministers the Executive.
Judiciary independent.

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23
Q
  1. What did the Assembly decide about whether the governing body have two chamber or one?
A
  1. What did the Assembly decide about whether the governing body have two chamber or one?

• September 1789: Vote for one chamber (an Assembly).

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24
Q
  1. What did the Assembly decide about whether the King be able to veto or merely suspend enactment of laws?
A
  1. What did the Assembly decide about whether the King be able to veto or merely suspend enactment of laws?
  • September 1789: decision taken for suspensory veto; after three consecutive legislatures (4 years), a measure would automatically become law.
  • Feared that rule by an Assembly alone would be rule in the deputies’ interests; King’s suspensory veto granted to balance out power.
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25
Q
  1. What did the Assembly decide about what other powers the King should have?
A
  1. What did the Assembly decide about what other powers the King should have?

• The king retained the right to select and appoint ministers of his cabinet (these couldn’t sit in assembly).

26
Q
  1. What did the Assembly decide about the title the king should hold?
A
  1. What did the Assembly decide about the title the king should hold?

• October 1789: he was to be called ‘King of the French’ (not king of France); intended to show that the king’s power emanated from the people and the law, not divine right.

27
Q
  1. What did the Assembly decide about how the King was to be supported financially?
A
  1. What did the Assembly decide about how the King was to be supported financially?

• King retained a private income and also granted a ‘civil list’ of 25 million livres. This a reduction of c.20 million livres on his spending before the revolution.

28
Q
  1. What did the Assembly decide concerning how often should elections be held and how should they be organised?
A
  1. What did the Assembly decide concerning how often should elections be held and how should they be organised?

• Elections to be held once every two years (and once a year for municipal elections) through an indirect system of electoral colleges.

29
Q
  1. What decision did the Assembly make about who should have the right to vote/should every subject be given equal rights (as the DRMC seemed to promise) or should there be some restrictions?
A
  1. What decision did the Assembly make about who should have the right to vote/should every subject be given equal rights (as the DRMC seemed to promise) or should there be some restrictions?
  • December 1789: distinction upheld.
  • Active Citizens: Males over 25 who had lived for a place in one year, spoke French and paid direct taxes equal to three days’ labour. These given political rights.
  • Passive Citizens: only received civil rights, not a vote (this opposed by Robespierre).
30
Q
  1. What decision did the Assembly make about what powers it should have?
A
  1. What decision did the Assembly make about what powers it should have?

• Would have the power to make laws, collect taxes, and decide on issues of war and peace.

31
Q
  1. How would the new voting system work, and how did it limit the franchise?
A
  1. How would the new voting system work, and how did it limit the franchise?
  • All ‘Active Citizens’ (paying taxes of c.1.5-3 livres) ‘eligible’ to vote in ‘primary’ elections.
  • They would nominate electors and officials for their local councils.
  • However, to stand for local government office, or note in 2nd stage of elections, citizens had to pay equivalent of 10 days’ labour (5-10 livres).
  • So, while 61% of adult males active citizens, only 1/100 became ‘electors’.
  • These electors met in assemblies and nominated deputies, judges and officials.
  • To become an Assembly deputy citizens had to pay the equivalent of 50 days’ labour.
  • This known as Marc d’Argent- a silver mark or 52 livres.
  • Only approx. 50,000 french men eligible from this position.
  • This from a population of 25million people.
  • THIS STILL THE WIDEST FRANCHISE IN EUROPE.
32
Q
  1. When did Louis reluctantly accept this constitution?
A
  1. When did Louis reluctantly accept this constitution?

• September 1791.

33
Q
  1. How was local/provincial government reorganized?
A
  1. How was local/provincial government reorganized?
  • Momentous resolution, carried Nov. 1789, abolished the old provinces. Instead, France divided into areas of roughly equal size, for local admin.
  • Over next 3 months, this done, new names and capitals found, 83 départements made.
  • Each divided into districts. Each district divided into communes.
  • The basic unit of local government thus the Commune, which would represent a single town, parish or community.
  • The canton was another local division, though this was for electoral and judicial purposes, not admin.
  • Several communes joined together to create a canton, a constituency.
34
Q
  1. How were the départements operated?
A
  1. How were the départements operated?
  • Between feb-june 1790, details of how these administrative bodies would work agreed.
  • Each département would have own elected council of 36.
  • This would, in turn, appoint directorate of 8, responsible for the admin of the area.
  • Significant that this administration uniform, and without central government representation on them, nor subject to central control.
35
Q
  1. Why was decentralization a key revolutionary idea at this time?
A
  1. Why was decentralization a key revolutionary idea at this time?
  • This meant giving power to local areas/officials.
  • This to prevent return of monarchical absolutism, which had been centralising.
36
Q
  1. How was France’s local government further sub-divided, and why so?
A
  1. How was France’s local government further sub-divided, and why so?

• France sub-divided under three tier system,
83 départements,
547 cantons and
43,460 communes.
• Furthermore, at every level, ruling councils elected by active citizens.
• Thus accountable to their communities.

37
Q
  1. How were the Bourgeoisie empowered by these provincial/local administrative reforms?
A
  1. How were the Bourgeoisie empowered by these provincial/local administrative reforms?
  • However, income qualifications for voting/service meant that local government fell largely into hands of bourgeoisie.
  • Many keen and active, particularly in towns.
38
Q
  1. How were the courts reorganized at this time under the CM?
A
  1. How were the courts reorganized at this time?

A hierarchy of courts created which followed new administrative divisions.
• Justices of the Peace (JPs) to hear minor civil cases in each canton (group of communes).
• District Courts would deal with more severe civil cases.
• Each Département would have a court it its capital for criminal cases. This would operate with a ‘dual’ 12-citizen jury system, with one jury for investigation (determining whether a prosecution should take place) and another for judgement.
• There would be a single central high court of appeal: the tribunal de cassation.

39
Q
  1. How would JPs be elected/chosen?
A
  1. How would JPs be elected/chosen?
  • The JPs were to be elected by active citizens for two-year periods.
  • To be eligible for office, they had to have a tax liability equivalent to ten days’ wages.
40
Q
  1. How did the Judicial system become determined by elections?
A
  1. How did the Judicial system become determined by elections?
  • There were similar elections for the district courts.
  • The criminal court judges were also to be elected for a fixed term by the département electoral assemblies, who would choose from those with suitable legal qualifications.
  • Jurors to be drawn by lot.
41
Q
  1. How did the assembly try to eradicate venality in the judicial system?
A
  1. How did the assembly try to eradicate venality in the judicial system?
  • To eradicate venality (outlawed by August Decrees), decided that judges were to be paid salaries and not rely on fees from those who they served.
  • Old judicial system, based on 13 regional parlements, suspended in November 1789, officially abolished September 1790.
42
Q
  1. What legal rights for all citizens were established at this time?
A
  1. What legal rights for all citizens were established at this time?
  • Every accused person brought before judge within 24 hours of arrest.
  • Accusations, proceedings and judgements open to the public.
  • Accused to be assisted by a lawyer.
43
Q
  1. How were legal punishments altered at this time?
A
  1. How were legal punishments altered at this time?

• Torture, branding and hanging abolished.
• By 1792, only form of capital punishment the ‘humane’ method of the guillotine.
o These had been used in France before the revolution. Dr Joseph Ignace Guillotin, a physician and National Assembly deputy, promoted the use of the guillotine for capital punishment in 1789, because of its efficiency and ‘humanity’. By releasing a blade from a height, the guillotine could cut through the neck in o.oo5 seconds. This method was not adopted, however, until 1792.
• Sentences to be fair and proportionate, equal for all and without further consequences for a convict’s family.
• An accused person’s property could not be seized.
• Laws on criminal justice and the penal code in September 1791 clarified detail further.
• As a result of the changes, punishments made less severe and fewer crimes punishable by death.

44
Q
  1. Why were these legal reforms greeted warmly?
A
  1. Why were these legal reforms greeted warmly?
  • Overall, reforms offered the prospect of cheaper and more accessible justice, as well as fairer judgements, including trial by jury in criminal cases.
  • Indeed the judicial system established by the revolutionaries of 1790 was one of the most enlightened systems in Europe.
45
Q
  1. What did the Assembly begin issuing from December 1790?
A
  1. What did the Assembly begin issuing from December 1790?
  • Deputies able to put off restricting of the nation’s finances, due to church funds.
  • From Dec. 1789, assembly began issuing assignants, government bonds.
  • These were issued to aid the purchase of church land, used as paper money and accepted by domestic and international creditors.
  • The purchaser ‘loaned’ money to the government, but could exchange the bond for Church lands (known as the biens nationaux).
46
Q
  1. Who was the main beneficiary of this type of wealthy/property?
A
  1. Who was the main beneficiary of this type of wealthy/property?
  • Literally ‘the nations’ assets’, term used of church land mostly sold in large lots.
  • This began with an auction in November 1790.
  • The land was predominantly bought by the bourgeoisie and some richer peasants.
  • The emigration of some nobles also increased the supply of land for purchase as properties were considered forfeited and sold.
47
Q
  1. How did this become a form of currency?
A
  1. How did this become a form of currency?
  • These assignants soon being used like paper money for ordinary business transactions.
  • The Assembly began to use them to pay off debts.
  • However, this was risky, and the excessive printing of assignants caused inflation.
48
Q
  1. Why did tax reform by the assembly (or lack thereof) initially disappoint many?
A
  1. Why did tax reform by the assembly (or lack thereof) initially disappoint many?
  • Despite the August Decrees, deputies initially tried to retain many of the old taxes.
  • The Salt Tax (gabelle) not abolished until March 1790.
  • The aides on drinks, municipal tolls and the state monopoly on tobacco all survived until 1791.
  • Such measures, however, could only be regarded as short-term.
  • This was because they aroused considerable popular discontent.
  • Many ordinary artisans and peasants had expected their tax liability to fall once the privileged classes were taxed like everyone else, but that did not happen.
49
Q
  1. What did the assembly vote to do in September 1789?
A
  1. What did the assembly vote to do in September 1789?
  • In September 1789, the Assembly voted to date the tax liability of those who had been formerly exempt back to June 1789 (e.g. 1st and 2nd estate).
  • It also ordered a one-off ‘patriotic contribution’ of 25% of income, paid over two years, by all those whose income exceeded 400 livres a year.
50
Q
  1. Why did this measure not resolve France’s financial troubles, and what did it cause the assembly to do?
A
  1. Why did this measure not resolve France’s financial troubles, and what did it cause the assembly to do?
  • However, this was insufficient to allow a reduction in taxation elsewhere, particularly since, from 1790, the new wage bill for local government administrators, judges and clergymen put the French finances under further strain.
  • The deputies eventually put their minds to an economic restructuring program.
  • This influenced by the thinking of the physiocrats, very similar to that proposed by Calonne in 1787.
51
Q
  1. What was the idea behind these financial reforms of the CM?
A
  1. What was the idea behind these reforms?
  • This program would replace the direct taxes of the taille and vingtiéme and compensate for the loss of indirect taxation in later months of 1790.
  • This was to become operational in 1791, based on three key principles of taxation…
  • A land tax (contribution fonciére).
  • A poll or property tax (contribution personelle et mobiliére).
  • A limited tax on commercial activity (patente).
52
Q
  1. Why was it hard to put these measures into practice fairly, and why was it nonetheless an improvement?
A
  1. Why was it hard to put these measures into practice fairly, and why was it nonetheless an improvement?
  • In practice it proved difficult to assess these taxes fairly.
  • The contribution fonciére was determined by means of a quota distributed between the départements in a decree of May 1791.
  • The tax-burden on land-owners consequently varied around the country (not least because varying levels of productivity affected land-owners’ incomes).
  • For many, that taxation load was no lighter-just differently assessed.
  • But it was, overall, a fairer system and it provided a basis for further reform.
53
Q
  1. How was ‘Free Trade’ promoted under the assembly?
A
  1. How was ‘Free Trade’ promoted under the assembly?
  • Economically, French trade and industry freed from restrictive controls and boosted by new entrepreneurial activity.
  • Internal tariffs disappeared; e.g. trade in grain deregulated in August 1789, so price of wheat was left to market, not central control.
  • All corporate bodies abolished in 1791. This included city monopolies, trading companies and the old restrictive guilds, which had controlled entry to trades.
  • Devolution of power to local authorities and fiscal retribution provided a boost to bourgeoisie entrepreneurs.
54
Q
  1. How did the emergence of a new land-owning bourgeoisie helped agriculture?
A
  1. How did the emergence of a new land-owning bourgeoisie helped agriculture?

• The new landowners sought ways of farming more profitably and exploiting the resources of their new estates.

55
Q
  1. Why were these economic changes not all universally beneficial?
A
  1. Why were these economic changes not all universally beneficial?
  • Larger producers benefitted from the high prices they could command.
  • The poorer peasants and townsfolk lost out.
  • While tolls at city gates disappeared, no corresponding drop in the price of food in urban centres.
  • This was because merchants sought to maximise profits.
  • The economic changes, therefore, merely perpetuated past divisions – with a new class of ‘capitalists’, rather than second estate nobility, as the main beneficiaries.
56
Q
  1. How did social status change under the assembly?
A
  1. How did social status change under the assembly?
  • Titles, venality and privilege abolished in August Decrees.
  • Loss of noble trappings didn’t necessarily mean loss of wealth or influence, nor the respect formerly accorded to them.
  • At a lower level, the use of ‘master’ and ‘mistress’ to denote status within a trade disappeared.
  • Everyone became a ‘citoyen/citoyenne’ (citizen) and, in theory at least, enjoyed social equality.
  • Individual rights/liberties more protected in law than ever before.
57
Q
  1. How was welfare provided for the poor?
A
  1. How was welfare provided for the poor?

• State charities provided for the poor.

58
Q
  1. How was social mobility increased?
A
  1. How was social mobility increased?

• Public education and the removal of barriers to high office offered new opportunities for social mobility.

59
Q
  1. How did religious liberty increase?
A
  1. How did religious liberty increase?

• Religious toleration and a reduction in the influence of the church (e.g. making marriage a civil, not religious institution) also reduced restrictions on individuals.

60
Q
  1. Why did society remain hierarchical?
A
  1. Why did society remain hierarchical?
  • A new court system offered fairer justice.
  • However, divisions of gender, wealth and office rapidly replaced those based on birth.
  • In new regime, men had more rights than women.
  • Employers had more rights than employees.
  • Active citizens with higher tax level had more rights than passive ones.
61
Q
  1. What restrictions were placed on workers?
A
  1. What restrictions were placed on workers?
  • Though workers enjoyed greater freedom of opportunity, it was decreed all must carry a livret.
  • This was a book containing a worker’s record of employment.
  • It had existed in some trades before 1789, but became compulsory and had to be signed by the employer before a worker could change jobs.
  • Furthermore, under this law of Le Chapelier of June 1791 (named after its proponent, Isaac-René-Guy Le Chapelier), freedom of association was limited.
  • Also, workers forbidden from conducting strikes/forming unions to protect themselves.
62
Q
  1. Why were the ‘winners’ of the revolutionary changes in 1789 the bourgeoisie?
A
  1. Why were the ‘winners’ of the revolutionary changes in 1789 the bourgeoisie?
  • Bourgeoisie interests predominated in the assembly/thinking of the new rulers.
  • It was the bourgeoisie who benefited most from new opportunities presented to those with money, and education to gain land, official positions and political influence.
  • The Bourgeoisie were therefore to become the ‘backbone’ of the new France.

A-Level History (54 decks)

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