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Year 1- A&P > The Central Nervous System > Flashcards

The Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What joint are all the bones in the skull, besides the mandible, joined by?

A

Sutures

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2
Q

What are meninges? And name them (3)

A

Are three layers that surround the brain.
1. Dura Mater
2. Arachnoid Mater
3. Pia Mater (inner most layer)

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3
Q

What does the cerebral spinal fluid do? and where is it produced?

A

It suspends the brain in fluid to protect it.
It continuously circulates around the brain and spinal cord in the subarachnoid space.
Produced in the choroid plexus- a network of blood vessels in each ventricle of the brain

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4
Q

What are the sulcus and gyrus on the brain? What do these help to do?

A

Sulcus are the grooves
Gyrus are the bumps
The brain is uneven and this helps to increase the surface area

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5
Q

Types of matter in the brain (2)

A

White matter
Grey matter

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6
Q

White matter in brain- What does it do?found? myelinated? What info does it interpret?

A
  • Deals with communication
  • Found in the deeper tissues of the brain
  • Surrounded by myelin, which gives the white colour
  • Interprets sensory information from various parts of the body
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7
Q

Grey matter of the brain- What does it do?found? myelinated? What info does it interpret/

A
  • Deals with processing
  • Found in more superficial tissues of the brain
  • Not surrounded by myelin
  • Conducts, processes and sends information to various parts of the body
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8
Q

Cerebellum - Function? (3)

A
  • Coordination- of complex skeletal contractions
  • Motor learning
  • Error corrects
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9
Q

Occipital lobe (2 areas) what is the main function?

A

Main function- to control vision
1. Primary visual area- receives visual info
2. Visual association area- Evaluates what is seen

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10
Q

Pons (1 part of brain stem) - Function? What does it contain?

A

-Contains sensory and motor pathways
-Helps control breathing along with the medulla
-Pontine nuclei relay information from motor areas to cerebellum

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11
Q

Temporal lobe- Main function? What are the 5 areas?

A

Processing auditory information and the encoding of memory
1. Primary auditory- receives auditory info
2. Auditory association- recognises particular sounds as speech, noise or music
3. Primary olfactory- receives info about smells
4. Facial recognition- Recognition of faces. More dominant on right
5. Wernicke’s- recognises and interprets speech

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12
Q

Frontal lobe- Main function? What are the 5 areas?

A

Main function- Motor output
1. Primary motor- in pre-central gyrus: each region in this area controls specific muscles/movements
2. Broca’s speech- production of speech
3. Pre-frontal cortex- personality, intellect, mood
4. Pre- motor- Learns and stores movement patterns
5. Orbito-frontal cortex- Identify and differentia odours

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13
Q

Parietal lobe- Main function? 3 areas?

A

Main function- sensory perception and integration
1. Primary somatosensory- in post central gyrus: Receives and perceives sensory info
2. Somatosensory association- Object recognition via touch alone
3. Common integrative- received info from other parts of the brain

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14
Q

Medulla oblongata (1 part of brain stem) Functions? (4)

A
  • Contains sensory and motor nerve pathways
  • Cardiovascular centre regulates heart rate and blood pressure
  • Respiratory centre regulates breathing
  • Coordinates vomiting, swallowing, sneezing etc..
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15
Q

Mid brain- (1 part of brain stem)- Functions? (3)

A

-Contains sensory and motor tracts
-Coordinates head, eye and trunk movements in response to visual or auditory stimuli
-Contain substantia nigra which extend to basal nuclei and control
subconscious movements

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16
Q

What are the two types of nervous tissue?

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Neuroglia
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17
Q

Neurons- what do they do? What 3 parts do neurons contain?

A

-Electrically excitable
-Respond to stimuli and converts that into an action potential
-Cell body, dendrites and axon

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18
Q

What is a collection of cell bodies outside the CNS called?

A

Ganglion or nuclei

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19
Q

Neurons can be classified by the number of projections extending from the body. What are the 3 structurally different cells?

A

Multipolar- Single axon, many dendrites
Bipolar- have an axon and one dendrite extending from the cell body toward opposite poles.
Unipolar- have one axon, with the cell body located to the side

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20
Q

Neurons can be classified by function- according to the direction in which the nerve impulses travel. What are the three differently functioned neurons?

A

Sensory- receptors at dendrites. most unipolar
Motor neurons- convey impulses away from the CNS to effectors. Most multipolar
Interneurons- Located in CNS mainly between sensory and motor neurons. Process and create a motor response. Multipolar

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21
Q

Neuroglia- What are they? What do they do? What are the 6 types?

A
  • They are supporting cells and create and maintain the environment for neurons
  • They do not create action potentials
    4 in the CNS- astrocytes, oliodendrocytes, microglia and ependymal
    2 in PNS- Schwann cells, satellite cells
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22
Q

Astrocytes- Neuroglia of CNS

A

-Most numerous
-They maintain appropriate chemical environment for nerve impulses

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23
Q

Oligodendroctyes- neuroglia of CNS

A

-Form and maintain myelin sheath around CNS axons

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24
Q

Microglia- neuroglia of CNS

A

-Function as phagocytes
-Remove cellular debris

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25
Q

Ependymal- neuroglia of CNS

A

-Have cilia and microvilli
-Assist in circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

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26
Q

Schwann cells- neuroglia of PNS

A

-Form myelin sheaths around axons
-Assist with axon regeneration

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27
Q

Satellite cells- neuroglia of PNS

A

-flat cells which surround ganglia in PNS
-Provide structure for support

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28
Q

The Autonomic NS (4)

A

-Division of PNS
-Divides into sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric
-Responsible for involuntary control of our systems e.g digestion, urination, heart rate
-Innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

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29
Q

Parasympathetic NS- fibres, long/short fibres, ganglia location, funcitons, neurotransmitter?

A

-Fibres arise from brain and sacral spinal cord
-Long pre-ganglionic and short post ganglionic fibres
-Located in the visceral effector organ
-Maintenance functions and storage of energy
-Acetylcholine

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30
Q

Sympathetic- fibres, long/short fibres, ganglia location, functions, neurotransmitter?

A

-Fibres arise in preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord segments T1-L2
-Short pre-ganglionic and long post ganglionic fibres
-Located close to the spinal cord
-Prepares body for emergency situations and high levels of muscle acitvity
-Acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline

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31
Q

Enteric NS- what does it control? Can it control this independently?

A

-Gastrointestinal tract activity
-Communicates with the brain via the Gut brain axis and vagus nerve

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32
Q

What is cerebral blood flow?

A

The movement of blood through a network of arteries and veins supplying the brain

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33
Q

Anterior circulation of the brain- which arteries, what is supplied?

A

-Interior carotid artery supplies the anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery.
-Supplied the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe

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34
Q

Posterior circulation- which arteries, what is supplied?

A

-Vertebral arteries divide into the basilar artery and posterior circulation artery
-Supplied the occipital lobe, cerebellum and brain stem

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35
Q

Venous drainage of the brain- what is the superficial system? what is the deep system?

A

Superficial- venous sinuses (at the bottom of the brain) which drain into the jugular veins then into the superior vena cava
Deep- join behind the mid brain into the sagittal sinus to join the superficial venous drainage system- then into the jugular vein and into superior vena cava

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36
Q

What is the blood brain barrier? (3)

A
  • A selectively permeable membrane regulated the passage of a multitude of large and small molecules into the microenvironment of the neurons- achieved by cellular transport channels
    -There are tight junctions between epithelial cells that line the blood vessels
    -Prevents toxins and pathogens from entering the brain
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37
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A
  1. Olfactory nerve
  2. Optic nerve
    (both originate from cerebrum)
  3. Oculomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abducens
  7. Facial
  8. Vestibulocochlear
  9. Glossopharyngeal
  10. Hypoglossal
  11. Vagus
  12. Accessory
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38
Q

What protects the spinal cord? (4)

A

Vertebral column, vertebral ligaments, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid

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39
Q

Where does the cord extend from and to?

A

From the medulla in the brain stem to L1 conus then forms the cauda equina

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40
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A

Relays electrical impulses from the CNS to the spinal nerves via the cord.
These messages then travel to the peripheral nerves

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41
Q

Ventral root (motor route)- the route

A

Brain- white matter (in those tracts) - grey matter- PNS - muscles/glands/organs

42
Q

Afferent information- route

A

relayed back through sensory nerves through the dorsal spinal nerves in grey matter and jumps into white matter (contain tracts)

43
Q

What is the Cauda Equina?

A

Part of the cord where the cord termintes at the conus medullaris at L1

44
Q

How many spinal nerve roots are there from the conus?

A

10 pairs- which start from conus and go down

45
Q

Function of the Cauda Equina?

A

Send and receive messages between the lower limbs and the pelvic organs, which consist of the bladder, the rectum, and the internal genital organs.

46
Q

What are meninges? What are the 3 layers?

A

Are 3 protective, connective tissue coverings that encircle the spinal cord and brain
1. Dura Mater
2. Arachnoid Mater
3. Pia Mater

47
Q

Facts about the meninges

A
  1. Dura Mater= most superficial
    -thick, strong layer of dense irregular connective tissue
  2. Arachnoid Mater= middle
    -thin, avascular covering comprised of cells and thin, loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibres
  3. Pia Mater= most deep
    - thin transparent connective tissue layer
    - Adheres to the surface of the spinal cord and brain
48
Q

What does the subarachnoid space contain?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

49
Q

Circle of Willis- what is it? what does it supply? What is the circle of willis fed by? Draw it

A

-A circle of arteries
-Supplies the brain
-Fed in by the vertebral arteries and the carotid arteries

50
Q

Where does the circle of willis sit?

A

Subarachnoid space

51
Q

Function of Circle of Willis? (2)

A

-Provide collateral blood flow between the anterior and posterior circulations of the brain
-Prevents ischemia- condition in whihc the blood flow is restricted or reduced

52
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid- what is it? where is it made? function?

A

-A clear fluid that around the subrachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord
-Made in the choroid process in the ventricles of the brain
- Support and shock absorbs

53
Q

What are tracts? Two types of tracts? What are they made up of? What happens when tracts cross over?

A

-Pathways that carry information up and down the cord
1. Descending tracts carry motor information to the skeletal muscles
2. Ascending tracts carry sensory information back to the brain
-Made up of neuronal axons that gather together in long columns
-Tracts crossing over is the reason why the right side of the brain controls the left and vice versa

54
Q

Ascending tracts (5)

A
  1. Gracile fasciculus= proprioception, fine touch, vibration of upper limbs
  2. Cuneate fasciculus= proprioception, fine touch, vibration of lower limbs
  3. Spinocerebellar= proprioception in joints and muscles
  4. Spinothalamic= lateral- pain and temp
    anterior-pressure and crude touch
  5. Spino-olivary= voluntary, skilled motor activities
55
Q

Descending tracts (5)

A
  1. Rubrospinal= fine motor control of upper limbs
  2. Reticular spinal= postural control (trunk and lower limbs), preparing movements
  3. Vestibulospinal= inhibition of flexor and promotion of extensor muscles activity
  4. Corticospinal tract= primary motor activity
  5. Tectospinal tract= reflex activity of head, eyes and trunk in response to stimuli
56
Q

Spinothalamic tract - ascending pathway. Rresponsible for? What 4 tracts is it composed of?

A

-responsible for transmission of pain, temp and crude touch to the somatosensory region of the thalamus
-Composed of 4 tracts
1. Anterior spinothalamic tract
2. Lateral spinothalamic tract
3. Spinoreticular tract
4. Spinotectal tract

57
Q

Posterior (dorsal) column- what does it convey? What is the pathway?

A

-Conveys sensation of fine touch, vibration and pressure
-Receptors for touch, proprioception, prressure etc head into spinal cord towars medulla
- Cell bodies of these first-order nerurons are in the DRG.
- In the spinal cord their axons form dorsal columns either cuneate fasciculus (upper body) or gracile fasciculus (lower body).
- First order neurons synapse with second order neurons whose cell bodies are in cuneate nucleus or gracile nucleus of the medulla
- Axons of second-order neurons cross to opposite side of medulla entering medial lemniscus
- They enter ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus and third order neurons project axons to primary somatosensory area

58
Q

Nerve roots. how many pairs? what do they do? what do they become? what do they communicate with?

A

-31 pairs arise from the cord at each vertebral level
-Carry info from the cord to the PNS
-they pass through the dura to become a spinal nerve- considered a mixed nerve
-mixed nerve communicated with either anterior or posterior structures and then branches into a plexus

59
Q

Anterior (ventral) root

A

Carries motor info to the periphery and comes out of the front of the spinal cord

60
Q

Posterior (dorsal) root

A

Carries sensory info to the brain and comes out of the back of the cord

61
Q

DRG’s- Dorsal route ganglion- what are they? where are they found? Structure?

A

-They are a cluster of peripheral nerve cells which gather sensory input from thermoreceptors, nociceptors, proprioceptors and chemoreceptors and relay it to neurons in the spinal column
-Found on the dorsal sensory spinal nerve
-They have an axon that has two branches

62
Q

What are myotomes?

A

A group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve

63
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

An area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve

64
Q

What movement occurs at L2 myotome level?

A

Hip flexion, illio-psoas

65
Q

What movement occurs at L3 myotome level?

A

Knee extension, Quadriceps

66
Q

What movement occurs at L4 myotome level?

A

Ankle dorsiflexion, Tibilalis anterior

67
Q

What movement occurs at L5 myotome level?

A

Big toe extension/hip extension, Extensor hallucis
longus/ Gluteus
maximus

68
Q

What movement occurs at S1 myotome level?

A

Ankle eversion

69
Q

What movement occurs at S2 myotome level?

A

Knee flexion, Peroneus longus
and brevis

70
Q

What movement occurs at C5 myotome level?

A

Shoulder abduction, Deltoid

71
Q

What movement occurs at C6 myotome level?

A

Elbow flexion, Biceps brachii, brachialis

72
Q

What movement occurs at C7 myotome level?

A

Elbow extension, Triceps brachii

73
Q

What movement occurs at C8 myotome level?

A

Thumb extension, Extensor pollicis longus

74
Q

What movement occurs at T1 myotome level?

A

Finger abduction/adduction, Interossei/Lumbricals

75
Q

What movement occurs at C1 myotome level?

A

Neck flexion

76
Q

What movement occurs at C2 myotome level?

A

Neck extension

77
Q

What movement occurs at C3 myotome level?

A

Neck side flexion

78
Q

What movement occurs at C4 myotome level?

A

Shoulder elevation, Upper trapezius
Levator scapulae

79
Q

What is the spinothalamic pathway route?

A
  • Nerve impulses for pain, temperature, pressure and crude touch from limbs, trunk, neck and head ascend to the thalamus
  • First- order neurons connect receptors with spinal cord
  • Cell bodies of these first order neurons are in DRG
  • These neurons synapse with second order neurons, whose cell bodies are located in the dorsal grey horn of spinal cord
  • Axons of second order neurons cross over to opposite side of cord
  • They pass up spinothalamic tract to brain stem
  • Second order neurons end in ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus, synapsing with third order neurons
  • These project axons into primary somatosensory area on the same side of the cerebral cortex as the thalamus
80
Q

What dermatome does C2 cover?

A

Temple, forehead, occiput

81
Q

What dermatome does C3 cover?

A

Entire neck

82
Q

What dermatome does C4 cover?

A

Shoulder area, clavicle area

83
Q

What dermatome does C5 cover?

A

Deltoid area, anterior aspect of entire arm to base of thumb

84
Q

What dermatome does C6 cover?

A

Anterior arm, radial side of hand to thumb and index finger

85
Q

What dermatome does C7 cover?

A

Lateral arm, forearm to index, long and ring fingers

86
Q

What dermatome does C8 cover?

A

Medial arm, forearm to long, ring and little fingers

87
Q

What dermatome does T1 cover?

A

Medial side of forearm to base of little finger

88
Q

What dermatome does T2 cover?

A

Medial side of upper arm to medial elbow, pectoral area

89
Q

What dermatome does T3-6 cover?

A

Upper thorax

90
Q

What dermatome does T5-7 cover?

A

Costal margin

91
Q

What dermatome does T8-12 cover?

A

Abdomen and lumbar region

92
Q

What dermatome does L1 cover?

A

Back, over trochanter and groin

93
Q

What dermatome does L2 cover?

A

Back, front of thigh to knee

94
Q

What dermatome does L3 cover?

A

Back, upper buttock, anterior thigh and knee, and medial lower leg

95
Q

What dermatome does L4 cover?

A

Medial buttock, lateral thigh, medial leg, dorsum of foot, big toe

96
Q

What dermatome does L5 cover?

A

Buttock, posterior and lateral thigh, lateral aspect of leg, dorsal foot, medial half of sole, 1st 2nd 3rd toes

97
Q

What dermatome does S1 cover?

A

Buttock, posterior leg

98
Q

What dermatome does S2 cover?

A

Same as S1

99
Q

What dermatome does S3 cover?

A

Groin, medial thigh to knee

100
Q

What dermatome does S4 cover?

A

Perineum, genitals, lower sacrum

Year 1- A&P (23 decks)

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