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Year 1- A&P > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Ventilation definition

A

the process of inspiration and exhalation and the movement of air in and out of the lungs for the purpose of gas exchange

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2
Q

Respiration definition

A

movement of O2 in the atmosphere to cells within the tissues and the removal of C02

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3
Q

Diffusion definition

A

the process whereby gases move from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

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4
Q

Perfusion definition

A

is adequate blood supply to an organ or tissue to allow gas exchange

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5
Q

4 main functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. Warming, filtering and humidifying the air we breathe in
  2. Constant supply of 02 from the atmospheric air around us
  3. Eliminating C02 from our bodies
  4. Assisting with the production of speech
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6
Q

Main structures of the upper respiratory tract (4)

A
  1. Nose
  2. Mouth
  3. Pharynx (throat)
  4. Larynx (voice box)
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7
Q

3 functions of the interior structures of the external nose

A
  1. Warming, moistening and filtering incoming air
  2. Detecting olfactory stimuli
  3. Modifying speech vibrations as they pass through the large resonating chambers
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8
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

The throat.
connecting the oral and nasal cavities in the head to the larynx and esophagus in the neck

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9
Q

What 3 structures makes up the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx

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10
Q

Nasopharynx. location? function (3)

A
  • Lies posterior to the nasal cavity and extends tp the soft palate
  • Receives air and dust-laden mucus through internal nares
    -Cilia moves mucus down toward to the most inferior part of pharynx
  • Nasopharynx exchanges small amounts of air with the auditory tubes to equalize air pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere
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11
Q

What is the soft palate? Location? What are the 5 openings in its wall?

A
  • Forms posterior portion of the roof of the mouth
  • An arch-shaped muscular portion between the nasopharynx and oropharynx
  • Two internal nares, two openings that lead into the auditory tubes, the openings into the oropharynx
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12
Q

Oropharynx. location? function? what opening does it have?

A
  • Lies posterior to the oral cavity (mouth) and extends from the soft palate inferiorly to the epiglottis
  • Serves as a common passageway for air, food and drink
  • has one opening called the fauces, the opening from the mouth
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13
Q

Laryngopharynx. location? function?

A
  • from the tip of the epiglottis to the oesophagus and passes posteriorly to the larynx
  • has both respiratory and digestive pathways
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14
Q

What is the larynx?

A

Voice box, a short passageway that connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea

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15
Q

3 main functions of the larynx

A
  • air conduction
  • airway protection
  • sound production
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16
Q

Cavity structure of the larynx

A

3 parts: vestibular folds, middle part, infraglottic cavity
glottis: vocal folds, rima glottidis

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17
Q

Cartilages of the larynx. 3 paired, 3 unpaires

A

unpaired (3): cricoid, thyroid, epiglottis
paired (3): arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform

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18
Q

What is the glottis?

A
  • Vocal apparatus of the larynx,
  • Consists of the vocal folds and the opening between the vocal cords called the rima glottidis
  • Glottis opens trachea and is responsible for sound production
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19
Q

How is sound produced?

A

Vibrations of the vocal folds when air is forced through the rima glottidis

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20
Q

What is the epiglottis? location? what is its function?

A
  • cartilaginous flap that extends in front and above the rima glottidis (glottis)
  • located in the larynx
  • to close the glottis during swallowing and so to prevent the passage of food and liquid into the lungs
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21
Q

What is the conducting zone made up of?

A

Trachea and bronchial tree

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22
Q

What is the bronchial tree responsible for?

A

Responsible for transport of air in and out of the lungs (respiratory zone)

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23
Q

Flow of air through the conduction zone

A

Trachea- main bronchi (left + right), lobar bronchi (2x left and 3x right) - Segmental bronchi (left + right) - bronchioles - terminal bronchioles

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24
Q

What are the differences between the left and right bronchus?

A

Right bronchus is shorter and wider
Left bronchus is longer and narrower

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25
Q

What structures make up the respiratory tract?

A

Respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct and alveolar sac

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26
Q

Trachea. Location? Layers of the wall?

A
  • Located anterior to the oesophagus, extends fromt he larynx to the superior border of T4/5 where it divides into right and left primary bronchi
  • Mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, adventitia (from deep to superficial)
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27
Q

What is the carina? What does is contain?

A
  • An internal ridge where the trachea divides into right main bronchus and left main bronchus.
  • A very sensitive mucous membrane for triggering a cough reflex
28
Q

What do each segmental bronchi divide into?

A

Bronchioles

29
Q

What do bronchioles contain?

A

Club cells- protect against harmful effects of inhaled toxins and carcinogens

30
Q

Alveolar ducts. What epithelium do these contain?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

31
Q

What are each alveolar sac made up of?

A

Alveoli

32
Q

The wall of each alveolus consists of 2 types of alveolar epithelial cells…

A

Type 1- more numerous, simple squamous epithelial cells, thin, main site of gas exchange
Type 2- fewer in number, rounded or cuboidal epithelial with free surfaces containing microvilli secrete alveolar fluid

33
Q

What does alveolar fluid do?

A

Keeps the surface between cells and the air moist

34
Q

What do alveolar macrophages in the alveolar walls do?

A

Are phagocytes that remove fine dust particles and other debris from the alveolar spaces

35
Q

Extending from the alveolar air space to blood plasma, respiratory membrane consists of 4 layers:

A
  • the capillary endothelium
  • a layer of type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells and macrophages
  • an epithelial basement membrane underlying the alveolar wall
  • a capillary basement membrane
36
Q

What are alveolar co-lateral ventilation channels? What are the three different pathways for collateral ventilation

A

Tiny airways that help re-inflate surrounding alveoli
-Interbronchiolar channels of martin
-Bronchiole-alveolar channels of lambert
-Interalveolar pores of kohen

37
Q

Bronchi structure (5)

A
  • Has supportive C -shaped cartilaginous rings
  • Has thick epithelial lining to humidify air
  • Ciliated cells
  • Goblet cells that secrete epithelial fluid lining to moisten the air and help pathogens move through the airway
  • Glands produce mucus, electrolytes and water.
  • Basal cells help rejuvenate epithelial cells
38
Q

Bronchiole structure

A
  • Don’t have cartilaginous rings
  • No goblet cells as the epithelial fluid could block them cause they’re smaller airways
  • Clara cells (club cells) still maintain some epithelial lining by secreting mucus but also produce surfactant to reduce small airway closure and anti-inflammatory
  • Still contain ciliated cells
39
Q

Alveoli structure

A
  • High capillary content for gas exchange
  • Type 1 and type 2 epithelial cells fro gas exchange
  • Small airways so have to have epithelium that is one cell thick
  • Type 2 cells produce surfactant to reduce water tension, which helps to prevent these tiny airways from collapsing
40
Q

How many sections does the left lung contain?

A
  • left upper lobe
  • left lower lobe
  • Oblique fissure
41
Q

How many sections does the right lung contain?

A
  • right upper lobe
  • right middle lobe
  • right lower lobe
  • horizontal fissure
  • oblique fissure
42
Q

Functions of the diaphragm

A
  • separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
  • undergoes contraction and relaxtion, altering the volume of the thoracic cavity and the lungs
43
Q

Movements of ribs

A

Rib 1 = not able to move much
Upper ribs= Pump handle. Costal cartilages rotate upward so ribs are more horizontal which moves sternum anteriorly and posteriorly. Increase in anterior posterior diameter.
Lower ribs = Bucket handle. Increase transverse diameter.
Ribs 11-12 = have no effect on increasing the diameter of the thoracic cage

44
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

The flow of air in and out of the lungs

45
Q

What does the Pleura do?

A

fixes the lungs to the chest wall, which allows the chest wall to expand and recoil

46
Q

Ventilation depends upon..

A
  • Atmospheric pressure
  • Intrapulmonary/ intra-alveolar pressure
  • Intrapleural pressure
  • Transpulmonary pressure
47
Q

How is CO2 transported? (3)

A
  • Dissolved CO2
  • Carbamino compounds
  • Bicarbonate ions
48
Q

Muscles needed for quiet breathing

A

Diaphragm and external intercostal

49
Q

Accessory muscles for inspiration (3 SEP)

A
  1. Sternocleidomastoid = elevates sternum
  2. Scalenes group = elevates upper ribs
  3. Pectoralis minor = pulls ribs out towards scapulae
  4. Serratus anterior = moves ribs towards scapula at the back
  5. Erector spinae muscles = extends your thorax, increase rib movement therefore thoracic expansion
50
Q

Accessory muscles for expiration (I let the air out(exhale) of my TIRE)

A
  1. Rectus abdominis
  2. External oblique
  3. Internal oblique
  4. Transverse abdominis
51
Q

The respiratory control centre - location? has 4 main features:

A
  1. Inspiratory centre (medulla)
  2. Expiratory centre (medulla)
  3. Pneumotaxic centre (pons)
  4. Apnuestic centre (pons)
52
Q

Types of receptors

A
  1. Chemoreceptors = in the pnemotaxic area and responds to changes in CO2, O2 and pH
  2. Mechanoreceptors = detect stretch of the muscles at end of inspiration when increasing tidal volume
  3. Proprioceptors= judge limb movements and positions, force, heaviness, stiffness, and viscosity
53
Q

What is neural control breathing

A

Neurons in the medulla and pons fire to activate the diaphragm

54
Q

Dorsal respiratory group (in the medulla)

A
  • Self firing
  • Responsible for our normal breathing rate at rest, Tidal volume
  • Signals are sent from neurons to C3, 4, 5 nerves via phrenic to diaphragm
55
Q

Neurons in the dorsal respiratory group signal for…

A
  • inspiration to start.
  • ram (to stop us taking sharp breaths)
  • signal starts off quite weak them increases which allows for a nice slow breath in
56
Q

Ventral respiratory group (more active during exercise and stress)

A
  • active during exhalation at rest and forceful expiration
  • send signals via the thoracic spinal nerves to innervate the external intercostal muscles for inspiration
57
Q

Pneumotaxic area. wheres it found? what does it regulate? what does it control?

A
  • In the pons
  • regulates the amount of air taken in, in each breath
  • controls inspiration time by latering when the dorsal respiratory group switches off
  • changes respiratory rate by changing the length of time that the ram is set in DRG
58
Q

Tidal volume

A

volume of one breath

59
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal tidal volume

60
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air a person can exhale forcefully after a normal exhalation

61
Q

Residual volume

A

the amount of air that remains in a persons lungs after fully exhaling

62
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

the sum of the tidal volume and inspiratory reserved volume

63
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

sum of residual volume and expiratory reserve volume

64
Q

Vital capacity

A

sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume

65
Q

Total lung capacity

A

sum of vital capacity and residual volume

Year 1- A&P (23 decks)

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