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Year 1- A&P > The Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the cardiovascular system

A

The heart
The blood vessels
The lymphatic system
The blood

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2
Q

Function of the heart

A

-Double pump
-Pump blood around the body

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3
Q

What are the two circulations?

A

Systemic- delivers oxygenated blood to tissues and delivers deoxygenated blood back to the heart
Pulmonary- Moves blood from the heart to the lungs and delivers oxygenated blood to the heart

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4
Q

Location of the heart

A

Lies in the mediasternum- a region that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column, from first rib to the diaphragm and between the lungs

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5
Q

The heart wall (4)

A

Pericardium
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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6
Q

Pericardium

A

-Surrounds and protects the heart
- Provides lubrication to reduce friction between the heart and the surrounding structures.

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7
Q

Epicardium ( also known as visceral layer on pericardium)

A

External layer
- adheres to the myocardium of the heart

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8
Q

Myocardium

A

-Thickest layer of the heart
-Pumping action
-Composed of cardiac muscle tissue

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9
Q

Endocardium

A

-Innermost layer of the heart
-Provides a smooth lining for the chambers and valves
-Minimizes friction as blood passes through the heart

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10
Q

Right atrium

A

Receives blood from 3 veins:
-Superior vena cava
-Inferior vena cava
-Coronary sinus
Receives deoxygenated blood from the body from the IVC and SVC. This moves into the right ventricle through an AV valve

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11
Q

Right ventricle

A

-Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atria
-Contracts to pump blood via the pulmonary arteries to the lungs
(smaller than left ventricle due to the thickness of myocardium)

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12
Q

Left atrium

A

-Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins
This moves into the left ventricle

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13
Q

Left ventricle

A

-Receives oxygenated blood from the left atria
-Contracts to pump oxygenated blood into the aorta to supply the systemic circulation

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14
Q

Atrioventricular valves (tricupsid and mitral valves)

A

-Situated between the atria and ventricle
-Help the pressure to build up in the right artium
-Help to stop blood once the blood has gone into the right ventricle (back flow)

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15
Q

Semi-lunar valves

A

-Situated in the pulmonary and aortic vessels
-Regulate flow leaving the heart
-Stop back flow
-Help pressure build up within the chamber before releasing into the next cardiac cycle phase

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16
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

-Collection of specialised cells (pacemaker cells), and is located in the upper wall of the right atrium
-Spontaneously generate electrical impulses
-The wave of excitation created by the SA node spreads via gap junctions across both atria, resulting in atrial contraction (atrial systole) – with blood moving from the atria into the ventricles.
-The rate at which the SA node generates impulses is influenced by the autonomic NS- Parasympathetic and Sympathetic

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17
Q

Atrioventricular node

A
  • Located within the atrioventricular septum, near the opening of the coronary sinus.
    -The AV node acts to delay the impulses, to ensure the atria have enough time to fully eject blood into the ventricles before ventricular systole.
    -The wave of excitation then passes from the atrioventricular node into the bundle of His
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18
Q

The Bundle of His (atrioventricular bundle)

A

-Serves to transmit the electrical impulse from the AV node to the Purkinje fibres of the ventricles.
-Descends down the septum before dividing into the right bundle branch and left bundle branch

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19
Q

Purkinje fibres

A

-Are able to rapidly transmit cardiac action potentials from the bundle of His to the myocardium of the ventricles

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20
Q

The Coronary circulation

A

-Myocaridum has its own blood supply delivered via the Coronary arteries
-Left coronary artery splits into descending artery and left circumflex artery
-Right coronary artery splits into right descending artery and right marginal artery

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21
Q

Systole vs Diastole

A

Systole means contraction
Diastole means relaxation

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22
Q

Cardiac output

A

The volume of blood ejected from the ventricles each minute. Stroke volume X Heart rate

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23
Q

Stroke volume

A

Amount of blood ejected per beat

24
Q

Heart rate

A

The amount of beats per minute

25
Q

Regulation of stroke volume (3)

A

-Preload = a greater stretch on cardiac muscles fibres prior to contraction increases the force of contraction
-Contractility = is myocardinal contraction. The greater contraction of the myocardium will result in a stronger and more efficient pumping action of the heart
-Afterload = the amount of resistance the heart must overcome to open the aortic valve and push the blood volume out into the systemic circulation

26
Q

Regulation of heart rate (2)

A
  1. Autonomic nervous system
  2. Chemical regulation
27
Q

How does the autonomic nervous system regulate the heart rate?

A
  • Medulla oblongata
    -Receives input from receptors like:
    Proprioceptors= monitor positions of limbs
    Chemoreceptors= monitor chemical changes
    Bororeceptors= monitor stretching of arteries and veins
28
Q

How does Chemical regulation regulate the heart rate? (2)

A
  1. Hormones - adrenaline and noradrenaline
  2. Cations - sodium, potassium and calcium
29
Q

Other factors that change the heart rate (5)

A
  1. Age
  2. Gender
  3. Body temp
  4. Physical fitness
  5. Cardiovascular disease
30
Q

What is the basic structure of blood vessels? (3 layers)

A
  1. Tunica Interna = thin layer of endothelial cells. Forms the inner lining and is in direct contact with the blood
  2. Tunica Media = thick layer containing smooth muscle. Regulates the diameter of the lumen
  3. Tunica Externa = consists of elastic and collagen fibres. Outer covering. Helps anchor the vessels to surrounding tissues
31
Q

What are the 5 major blood vessels (in order of size)

A
  1. Arteries
  2. Arterioles
  3. Veins
  4. Venules
  5. Capillaries
32
Q

Arteries (2 types)

A

Elastic arteries= Largest in the body, thick tunica media dominated by elastic fibres, largest diameter, thinner walled

Muscular arteries= tunica media contains more muscle and fewer elastic fibres, thick walls

33
Q

Arterioles

A
  • Arterioles regulate the flow of blood into the capillary network of the boy’s tissues
34
Q

Capillaries

A
  • Connect the arterial outflow to the venous return
  • They lack a tunica media and tunica externa as their walls are only one cell thick
  • High network of capillaries increases the surface area available for rapid exchange of materials
35
Q

Venules

A
  • Groups of capillaries reunite within the tissues to form a venule
    -Thin walls
  • Venules drain the capillary blood and begin to return the flow of blood back toward the heart
36
Q

Veins

A
  • Thin walls relative to their total diameter
  • Tunica externa of veins is the thickest layer which consists of collagen and elastic fibres
  • Contain valves
37
Q

Vasoconstriction vs vasodilation

A

Vasoconstriction decreases the diameter of the lumen
Vasodilation increases the diameter

38
Q

Blood pressure definition

A

Force of blood pushing against the vessel walls measured in millimeters (mmHg) of mercury

39
Q

Systolic blood pressure vs Diastolic blood pressure

A

Systolic= highest pressure generated in the arteries during left ventricle contraction
Diastolic= lowest pressure generated in the arteries when the left ventricle is relaxed

40
Q

Medial arterial pressure

A

The average blood pressure in the arteries

41
Q

What are the factors that impact blood pressure? (3)

A
  1. Vascular resistance
  2. Venous return
  3. Velocity of blood flow
42
Q

Vascular resistance. What is it? What is it determined by?

A

Is the opposition of blood flow caused by friction between the blood and the walls of the blood vessels.
Determined by: blood vessel lumen size, blood viscosity and total length of blood vessel

43
Q

Venous return. What is it? How does it occur?

A

The volume of blood returning back to the heart through the systemic veins.
Occurs due to: pressure which is generated when the left ventricle contracts

44
Q

Velocity blood flow. What is it? What is it determined by?

A

The speed at which the blood travels through the blood vessels.
Determined by: The diameter of the arteries and the cross sectional area of the arteries.

45
Q

Physiological components are involved in regulating blood pressure… how? (4 things)

A
  1. Cardiovascular centre in the medulla oblongata
  2. Chemoreceptors
  3. Hormonal Regulation
  4. Autoregulation of blood flow
46
Q

Formation of red blood cells. Where are they formed? and how? What regulates the production of RBC?

A
  • Formed in the bone marrow
  • Production starts in red bone marrow where stem cells (hemocytoblasts) differentiate into RBC and moved into the blood
  • Regulated by the hormone erythropoietin secreted by the kidneys
  • for example if oxygen levels are too low, kidneys release erythropoietin to increase the haemoglobin carrying capacity
47
Q

Red blood cells (erythrocytes). What are they? What do they contain? Function?

A
  • Tiny concaved discs
  • Containing haemoglobin
  • Function: transport oxygen between the lungs and tissues
48
Q

White blood cells (luekocytes) Compared to RBC? Function? Examples?

A
  • Larger than RBC
  • Don’t contain haemoglobin like RBC
    Function: to destroy and remove cellular debris and attack pathogens
  • Examples: Lymphocyte, monocytes, basophils
49
Q

Platelets (Thrombocytes) What are they? Structure? Function?

A
  • They are fragments of larger cells derived from bone marrow
  • They have a sticky surface to allow them to accumulate (so they can form a clot)
    Function: clotting and wound healing
50
Q

What 3 major arteries branch from the aortic arch?

A
  1. Brachiocephalic trunk
  2. Left common carotoid artery
  3. Left subclavian artery (artery of the thorax)
51
Q

Which regions does the brachiocephalic trunk supply?

A
  • Head
  • Neck
  • Upper limb
  • Thoracic wall
52
Q

Which regions does the left common carotoid artery supply?

A
  • Head
  • Neck
53
Q

Which regions does the left subclavian artery supply?

A
  • Head
  • Neck
  • Left arm
54
Q

Upper limb artery order

A

Subclavian, Axillary, Brachial, Radial and Ulna arteries

55
Q

Lower limb artery order (pelvis and lower limb)

A

Common iliac, internal and external iliac, Femoral, Popliteal, Anterior and posterior tibial arteries

56
Q

Upper limb drainage order veins (from digits to heart0

A

Digital veins, cephalic vein, basilic vein, radial and ulnar veins, brachial, axillary, subclavian, superior vena cava

57
Q

Lower limb drainage order veins (toes to heart)

A

Digital veins, Tibial vein, Fibular vein, Popliteal vein, Femoral vein, Internal and external iliac veins, Common iliac veins, Inferior vena cava

Year 1- A&P (23 decks)

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