Inflammation process

Question 1

What is inflammation?

Answer 1

Localized, protective response to tissue injury design to destroy, dilute, or wall off the infecting agent or injured tissue

Question 2

5 cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 2

Calor (heat)
Rubor (redness)
Tumour (swelling)
Dolor (pain)
Functio Laesa (loss of function)

Question 3

Response type? specific or nonspecific

Answer 3

Non-specific e.g same for whatever has entered the body.

Question 4

The first stage of the process

Answer 4

Bleeding phase

Question 5

Second stage of the process

Answer 5

Inflammation phase

Question 6

Third stage of process

Answer 6

Proliferative phase

Question 7

Fourth stage

Answer 7

Remodeling stage

Question 8

How long does the bleeding phase last

Answer 8

4-6 hours

Question 9

How long does the inflammation phase last

Answer 9

peaks as 1-3 days and gradually resolves over a period of weeks

Question 10

How long does the proliferative phase last

Answer 10

days to months

Question 11

How long does the remodeling stage last

Answer 11

starts within weeks lasts up to a year

Question 12

What happens in the bleeding stage?

Answer 12

Damage, trauma or injury to a body part results in bleeding at the site of injury

Question 13

What does the bleeding duration in the bleeding stage depend on?

Answer 13

Depends on the structure that is bleeding e.g ligaments have a lower vascularity compared to muscles so would bleed less.

Question 14

What happens in the inflammation stage?

Answer 14

Release of mast cells, platelets and macrophages into the surrounding tissue.

Question 15

Inflammation phase: what happens once macrophages are present in the local tissue?

Answer 15

Proliferative mediators are released.

Question 16

What are proliferative mediators?

Answer 16

chemicals which cause proliferation to occur. Proliferation is when the wound is rebuilt with new tissue.

Question 17

Mast cells cause a release of chemical mediators e.g cytokines, which brings about 2 important responses…

Answer 17

1. Vascular response
2. Cellular response

Question 18

Inflammatory phase- vascular response: what happens in this response?

Answer 18

Leads to vasodilation and increase in vasopermeability

Question 19

What is vasopermeability?

Answer 19

Permeability of blood vessels increasing

Question 20

Inflammation phase: Vasodilation and vasopermeability increases the flow volume through vessels. What does this lead to?

Answer 20

Leads to a leakage of exudate, which is the swelling within tissues.

Question 21

What does exudate fluid do?

Answer 21

Dilutes irritants, helps formation of inital clots, traps any harmful debris from spreading

Question 22

What causes swelling in the cardinal signs in inflammation?

Answer 22

Leakage of exudate fluid

Question 23

What causes the redness and increase in temperature in the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 23

Increase in blood flow because there is more blood closer to the surface.

Question 24

Inflammation phase: what follows the release of chemical mediators in the cellular response?

Answer 24

Attraction of phagocytes

Question 25

Inflammation phase- cellular response: Increased phagocyte activity causes the release of?

Answer 25

Lactic acid. Which helps trigger the proliferative phase of repair.

Question 26

What are the 3 possible outcomes of the inflammatory phase? And what are they?

Answer 26

1. Resolution- tissue irritation rather than damage
2. Repair/healing- this requires a critical number of cells that have been damaged for this process to occur. It involves fibrin removal and gradual replacement by granulation tissue.
3. Chronic inflammation- This can happen following an acute reaction OR develop with no initial reaction.

Question 27

What happens in the proliferative phase?

Answer 27

Rapid cell growth
Wound is rebuilt with new tissue

Question 28

Proliferative phase: why do some of the initial cytokine release need to be de-activated?

Answer 28

To allow the stimulation of the proliferative reaction. Once cytokinese have been deactivated, two processes start to occur.

Question 29

Proliferative phase: what two processes start to occur once cytokine de-activation has taken place?

Answer 29

1. Fibroplasia
2. Angiogenesis

Question 30

Proliferative phase: What is the fibroplasia process? What is it carried out by? What does it do?

Answer 30

The formation of fibrous tissue, carried out by fibroblasts. Process repairs connective tissue by laying down collagen fibres.

Question 31

Proliferative phase: What is the Angiogenesis process? What is it carried out by? What does it do?

Answer 31

Formation of new blood vessels, carried out by endothelial cells. Process enhances local circulation through a process calls neovasculisation.

Question 32

Proliferative phase- Fibroplasia: What does the activation of fibroblasts produce? And what are they responsible for?

Answer 32

Myofibroblasts. Which are responsible for contraction of the wound and providing early stage repair.

Question 33

What do both the processes in the proliferative phase lead to?

Answer 33

Lead to an increase in proliferative activity by forming scar tissue by laying down granulation tissue.

Question 34

What happens in the Remodeling phase?

Answer 34

Reorganization and refining collagen and extracellular matrix.

Question 35

Remodelling phase: what causes the wound and fibres to become stronger?

Answer 35

The type of collage fibres changing