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Year 1- A&P > Muscles of the spinal column and pelvis and spine osteology > Flashcards

Muscles of the spinal column and pelvis and spine osteology Flashcards

1
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

O: Manubrium and clavicle
I: Mastoid process, nucheal line of occipital bone
N: Accessory nerve
B: Branch of occipital artery
A: Rotation of the head to the opposite side and flexion of the neck

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2
Q

Scalenus anterior

A

O: Tranverse processes of C3-C6
I: Upper surface of first rib
N: Ventral rami of C4-7
B: Thyroid artery
A: acting on both sides: neck flexion
on one side: side flex and rotate head

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3
Q

Rectus Abdominis

A

O: Pubic symphysis, pubic crest
I: Xiphoid process, costal cartilages of ribe 5-7
N: Ventral rami of T5-T12
B: Epigastric arteries
A: Flexes lumbar spine and pulls ribcage down. Stabilizes pelvis during walking

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4
Q

External obliques

A

O: Outer surfaces of the lower 8 ribs
I: Iliac crest. Aponeurosis ending in linea alba
N: Ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves T5-T12
B: Lower posterior intercostal arteries
A: Compresses abdomen, Contraction of one side alone flexes trunk to that side and rotates it to the opposite side

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5
Q

Internal Obliques

A

O: Iliac crest. Lateral 2/3 of inguinal ligament
I: Inferior borderd of bottom 3 or 4 ribs. Linea alba via abdominal aponeurosis. Pubic crest and pectineal line
N: Ventral rami or thoracic spinal nerve T7-12 and L1
B: Lowers posterior intercostal and subcostal arteries
A: Compresses abdomen, trunk flexion, trunk rotation

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6
Q

Transverse abdominis

A

O: 2/3 of iliac crest. Costal cartilages of lower 6 ribs
I: Aponeurosis ending in linea alba. Pubic crest, pectineal line of pubis
N: Ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves T7-12 and L1
B: Intercostal arteries
A: bilateral contraction- compresses abdomen, unilateral contraction- trunk rotation.

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7
Q

Multifidus

A

O: Sacrum, iliac spine, each segment arises from a transverse process
I: Each segement inserts on the spinous process of two to 4 vertebrae above
N: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
B: Vertebral artery
A: Bilateral contraction- extension of spine, unilateral contraction- lateral flexion of spine and contralateral rotation

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8
Q

Erector spinae muscles (wont be asked origin and insertion maybe only function)

A

A: Bilateral contraction - extension of spine
Unilateral contraction - lateral flexion of spine

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9
Q

Diaphragm

A

O: Xiphoid process, inner surfaces of lower 6 ribs and their costal cartilages, L1-3
I: Central tendon of diaphragm
N: Ventral rami of C3-5
A: Forms floor of thoracic cavity, pulls central tendon downward during inhalation

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10
Q

How many vertebrae are in the spinal column? and how many vertebrae are in each region?

A

33 vertebrae in total
- 7 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 5 sacral
- 3-5 coccygeal

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11
Q

What are the four distinct curves in the spine?

A
  1. Cervical lordosis
  2. Thoracic kyphosis
  3. Lumbar lordosis
  4. Sacral kyphosis
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12
Q

The cervical spine- function? characteristics?

A
  • provides mobility and stability to head which allows movement in all directions
  • have triangular vertebral foramen, spinous processes which split into two distally and a transverse foramina which gives passage to vertebral artery, vein and nerves.
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13
Q

The atlas

A
  • C1
  • articulates with occiput and axis
  • no vertebral body and no spinous process
  • It has lateral masses which contains a superior and inferior facet for articulation
  • Two arches
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14
Q

The axis

A
  • C2
  • identifiable due to its odontoid process (dems) which extends superiorly
  • odontoid process articulates with arch of atlas ( medial atlanto-axial joint)
  • Contains superior articular facets which articulate with inferior facets on atlas (atlanto-axial joints)
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15
Q

Atlanta- occipital joint

A
  • Articulation between the occiput and atlas
  • Pivot allowing flexion and extension movements of the head
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16
Q

Atlanta-axial joint

A
  • Articulation between the atlas and axis
  • Rotation of head and this occurs around the dems of the axis
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17
Q

Thoracic spine- function? characteristics?

A
  • Holding rib cage, protecting heart, lungs and internal organs. Allows movement of the spine in all directions
  • Identifiable by their
    1. Circular foramen
    2. Heart shaped
    3. Presence of 2 demi facets on vertebral body which articulate with the heads of the ribs
    4. Presence of costal facets on transverse process which articulate with tubercles of ribs
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18
Q

C7 vertebrae

A
  • Very similar to thoracic vertebrae
  • Single spinous process rather than bifid
  • Straighter spinous process
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19
Q

Sternum- what is it? what does it articulate with?

A
  • A long, flat bone which forms the middle part of the chest
  • Top part articulates with clavicle and edges articulate with costal cartilages of first 2 ribs (sterno- costal joints)
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20
Q

Sternum consists of what 3 parts?

A
  1. Manubrium - top part
  2. Body - central
  3. Xiphoid process - inferior
21
Q

Ribs - how many paired sets of ribs?

A

12

22
Q

Typical ribs

A
  • Consists of a head, neck and body
  • Head has two demi facts
  • One demi- facet articulates with corresponding vertebrae the other with vertebrae above
23
Q

Atypical ribs- which ribs are they?

A

1, 2, 10, 11 and 12

24
Q

Attachments of the ribs

A

1-7 attach indepedently to sternum
8-10 attach to the costal cartilages which are superior to them
11-12 do not have an anterior attachment

25
Q

Lumbar spine- function? characteristics?

A
  • Provide stability for your back and spinal column
  • Short, squared- shaped spinous processes
  • Triangular shaped foramen
  • No transverse foramina
26
Q

The sacrum- which vertebrae? articulations?

A
  • 5 fused vertebrae S1-S5
  • Has articulations with the 5th lumbar vertebrae, coccyx and ilium (sacroiliac joint)
27
Q

Coccyx- how many vertebrae?

A

3-5 vertebrae that fuse in early adulthood

28
Q

What are the 5 movements within the spine?

A
  1. Flexion
  2. Extension
  3. Lateral flexion
  4. Rotation
  5. Combination of these movements
29
Q

Intervertebral discs - what are they, what 3 things make up the IVD?

A

Discs that sit in between two vertebrae
Made up of:
1. Nucleus pulposus - central part
2. Annulus fibrosus - outer part
3. Vertebral endplates - two with every disc, found both superiorly and inferiorly

30
Q

Functions of intevertebral discs

A
  • allow spinal movements
  • spinal stability
  • resistance to load
  • shock absorption
  • nourishment
31
Q

Cervical spine- facet joints

A
  • Superior facets located upwards
  • Inferior facets located downwards
  • Allowing movement in all directions - cervical spine is the most mobile part of the spine
32
Q

Cervical spine- Uncovertebral joints

A
  • Small synovial articulations situated between the 5 lower cervical vertebral bodies C3-C7
  • They allow flexion and extension to occur whilst limiting the degree of lateral flexion
33
Q

Thoracic spine- facet joints

A
  • Superior facets located backwards and lateral
  • Inferior facets located downwards and inwards
  • Most common movement is lateral or side flexion
34
Q

Costovertebral joints

A
  • Articulations on the thoracic spine
  • Articulation between the head of the rib and superior costal facet of corresponding vertebrae
  • Plane joint
35
Q

Costotransverse joint

A
  • Plane joint
  • Articulation between the tubercle of the rib and the transverse costo facet of the corresponding vertebrae
36
Q

Lumbar spine - facet joints

A
  • Superior facets face medially
  • Inferior facets face laterally
  • Allows flexion extension movements
37
Q

Ligamentum Flavum

A
  • Extends between the lamina of the adjacent vertebrae
38
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament

A
  • Occipital bone and extends down to the sacrum
  • Connects to the anterior surfaces of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
  • Resists extension a
    of the spine
39
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament

A
  • Extends along the inner aspect of the vertebral canal
  • Connects to the posterior surfaces of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
  • Resists flexion of spine
40
Q

Blood supply of spine

A
  • Anterior spinal artery
  • Posterior spinal artery
41
Q

Nerve supply of spine (via spinal cord)

A
  • 8 cervical spinal nerves
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 1 coccygeal
42
Q

Movements at the pelvis

A
  1. Nutation= pelvis moves down and forwards and rotates to the opposite side
    bowl analogy- posterior tilt of pelvis, sacrum taking a drink
  2. Counter-nutration= sacrum moves up backwards and rotates to the same side
    bowl analogy- anterior tilt
  3. Torsion= rotational movement of the sacrum around its own axis
43
Q

Linea alba- what is it? attachment? function?

A
  • A single fibrous line in the anterior abdominal wall
  • Attaches to the xiphoid process and pubic symphysis
  • Stabilize the anterior abdominal wall
44
Q

Thoracolumbar fascia- what is it? function?

A
  • A large diamond shaped area of connective tissue
  • Contains different muscle groups into separate well-defined compartments
45
Q

Blood supply to the pelvis

A
  • Common iliac
  • External iliac
  • Internal iliac
46
Q

Nerve supply of the pelvis

A
  • Sacral plexus
  • Pudenal nerve
  • Sciatic nerve
47
Q

What is the course of the vertebral artery? Where does it originate from?

A

Pathway: ascends through foramina of transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
Winds behind the superior articular process of the atlas
Enters the cranium through the foramen magnum where it unites with the opposite artery to form the basilar artery
Originates from: first part of subclavian artery

48
Q

Which lumbar spine vertebrae is considered to be atypical?

A

L5

Year 1- A&P (23 decks)

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