Endocrine and Urinary system

Question 1

U: Main function of the Urinary system

Answer 1

Help the body eliminate urea (the byproduct of the breakdown of proteins)

Question 2

U: Other functions

Answer 2

• Maintain volume of blood
• Maintains water concentration
• Maintain concentration of electrolytes
• Maintain pH balance

Question 3

U: What is a nephron?

Answer 3

Are small filtering units that are responsible for producing urine and removing water soluble waste products from the blood

Question 4

U: What structures make up a Nephron?

Answer 4

Glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, Proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal convoluted tubule, Collecting duct

Question 5

U: Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion and Excretion

Answer 5

Filtration- water solutes are coming from the blood into nephron into Bowman’s capsule
Reabsorption- Fluid that needs reabsorbed back into the blood
Secretion and Excretion- Nephron takes the urine down into the bladder

Question 6

U: What is urea?

Answer 6

A waste product of amino acids.
It is released into the blood stream, filtered by the kidneys out of the blood and excreted in urine.

Question 7

U: What is creatinine

Answer 7

A byproduct of muscle metabolism

Question 8

U: What if urea and creatinine are high in a patient?

Answer 8

It can be a sign that the kidneys aren’t working very well

Question 9

U: Bladder movements

Answer 9

-The bladder’s wall relax and expand to store urine
- The bladder’s wall contract and flattern to empty urine through the urethra

Question 10

U: Function of the bladder and how does it work?

Answer 10

• To store urine
• Receptors in the bladder wall detect stretch when the bladder fills and alerts the brain.Which signals the bladder to tighten and squeeze urine towards the urethra whilst signalling the relaxation of the sphincter muscles for the urine the flow out and empty

Question 11

E: Function of the endocrine system

Answer 11

To produce hormones which are released into the blood which stimulate distant areas of the body

Question 12

E: Hypothalamus- what does it connect to?

Answer 12

Connects to the anterior and posterior pituitary
- Connects to anterior via blood supply
- Connects to posterior via nervous connections

Question 13

E: Anterior pituitary gland

Answer 13

Hormone release to target organs

Question 14

E: Posterior pituitary

Answer 14

Stores and release Oxytocin, ADH
- Has many neural connections

Question 15

E: Pineal gland

Answer 15

Circadian rhythm
Releases melatonin

Question 16

E: Thyroid gland

Answer 16

Controls the metabolism
Releases T3 and T4

Question 17

Parathyroid gland

Answer 17

Regulate blood calcium, phosphorus and Vit D
- Specific action of PTH is to increase the number and activity of osteoblasts

Question 18

E: Adrenal gland

Answer 18

Sit at the top of kidneys
Stress response, immunity and blood pressure
Release adrenaline

Question 19

E: Pancreas

Answer 19

Blood sugar regulation and glycogen stores

Question 20

E: Ovaries

Answer 20

Regulates menstruation and ovulation
Releases progesterone and oestrogen

Question 21

E: Testes

Answer 21

Sperm production
Releases testosterone

Question 22

How do kidneys work to produce urine?

Answer 22

1. Blood passes into glomerulus. Walls of glomerulus allow smaller molecules, wastes and fluid to pass into PCT. Large molecules like proteins remain in the blood.
2. A blood vessel runs alongside tubule, returning substances like water, minerals and nutrients
3. Remaining fluid travels along loop of henle in collecting duct where it passes into the bladder as urine.