Test 29 - Created July 25 Flashcards
observer bias
occurs when studies are qualitative; when observers misclassify data due to individual differences in interpretation or preconceived expectations regarding the tx
effect modification
external variable differentially modifies effect of a risk factor on disease of interest in different groups
sensitivity and negative result
negative result on a highly sensitive test, rules out the disease; snNout
likelihood ratio facts
direct clinical significance; doesn’t change as dz prevalence does; can grade grade clinical significance btwn multiple tests
verification bias
when a study uses gold standard testing selectively in order to confirm a preliminary test result; can affect sensitivity or specificity; avoid this by doing gold standard testing in random sample of pt’s
contamination bias
when control group unintentionally receives treatment or intervention
susceptibility bias
experimental and control groups differ from a prognostic standpoint; randomization helps this
med to treat agitation in acute mania
antipsychotic; mood stabilizers will take weeks to work
important thing to do with Rh(-) Mom and massive fetomaternal hemorrhage
increase the dose of anti-D Ig
exam findings for severe aortic stenosis
- soft, single S2
- delayed/diminished carotid pulse (parvus et tardus)
- loud/late peaking systolic murmur
2 drugs to induce ovulation in PCOS pt
letrozole or clomiphene
heart finding in baby who has mom with gDM
transient hypertrophic CMP
meds for ventricular rate control in rapid A.fib
BB, verapamil, diltiazem
tx and order of which to do them for kid with constipation
- diet change
- osmotic laxative (lactulose)
E. stimulant laxatives or enemas
child is lacking in vocabulary, next best step
audiology eval
what to do in dialysis pt with long-term catheter and signs of infection
a. 2 sets of blood cultures (peripheral site and central catheter)
b. start vanc and cefepime
c. leave the catheter in unless pus at site, septic, unstable vitals, metastatic infection, sxs after 72h of Abx, or BCx shows S. aureus, Pseudomonas, or Candida
how to prevent recurrent infeciton in dialysis pt with long-term catheter and history of CRBSI
change catheter over guidewire or do Abx lock therapy after each hemodialysis session
prognosis of sarcoidosis
pt will need 12-24 months of steroids initially and most cases resolve over time; (only 25% have progressive lung dz, 10% organ dysfn, they need the fancy meds)
tx of peripheral artery disease
- antiplt/statin, modify RFs, supervised exercise
- cilostazol
- stent or bypass surgery
Nelson’s syndrome
pituitary enlargement, hyperpigmentation, visual field defect after bilat. adrenalectomy
diagnostic workup of pheo
- 24h urinary metanephrines and catecholamines
- MRI of abdomen
- MIBG scan (if MRI failed)
tx of surgery complications during pheo removal
- HTN - nitroprusside or phentolamine
- htn - NS bolus
- hypoG - dextrose
- arrhythmia - lidocaine or esmolol
tx of priapism
urination/cold -> aspiration -> phenylephrine
workup, dx, and tx of normal-pressure hydrocephalus
- imaging
- Miller Fisher test - gait, stride, verbal memory, and visual attn before/after removal of CSF
- VP shunt if #2 helped
heart defect in Down’s syndrome
endocardial cushion defect
publication bias and the consequence
studies with significant (+) results are published or included in a systematic review or meta-analysis (may be all the studies with OR > 1); can overestimate the true effect size
PE findings of ASD
wide and fixed splitting of S2; mid-systolic ejection murmur (P); mid-diastolic rumble (T)
echo finding of ASD
can be RA or RV dilation
echo finding for dilated CMP
dilated LV
murmur of hypertrophic CMP and echo finding
harsh cres-decre systolic murmur at apex and LLSB; echo - LVH
murmur of VSD and echo finding
harsh holosystolic murmur with maximal intensity over left 3rd/4th i.c. spaces; enlarged RV, LV, LA, pulm aa
