Test 2 (Chap 3) Flashcards
Galatians 5:1
For freedom Christ has set us free; stand firm therefore, and do not submit again to a yoke of slavery.
Active placebo
A psychologically inactive drug that has some peripheral side effects that patients may recognize and thereby assume they are receiving actual treatment.
Examples of Active placebo
Patients experiencing minor dry mouth, dizziness, or blurred vision.
Agoraphobia
Fear of being in open places where a panic attack may occur and from which it would be difficult to escape or help would be unavailable.
Anticonvulsant
A drug used to treat seizure disorders. Occasionally used to treat symptoms of bipolar disorder.
Antimanic
A drug used to treat bouts of mania or hypomania
Atypical
An atypical drug is a class of drug that differs significantly in its mechanism of action from other medication for a particular psychological disorder.
Bipolar disorder
A severe mood disorder characterized by depressive and manic episodes.
Brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF)
A nerve growth factor essential for normal cell survival, receptor growth, and for the growth of new neurons.
CREB (cyclic adenosine monophosphate (or cAMP) response element binding protein)
A second messenger activated by metabotropic receptors responsible for transcribing brain-derived neurotropic factor from a cell’s DNA
Deaminate
An enzymatic reaction that deactivates a neurotransmitter by removing an essential amine chemical group from its molecular structure.
Downregulation
A process that results in a decrease in synaptic activity caused by decreasing neurotransmitter synthesis, its release, and/or its receptor availability
Dysthymic disorder
A moderately severe mood disorder that is characterized by lengthy episodes of depression (at least 2 years)
First generation drug
the first class of drugs used to treat a particular psychological disorder
Hypomanic episode
A period of elevated, expansive, or irritable mood lasting at least four days. Less severe than a manic episode
Lag time
The delay of about 10 to 14 days between the onset of medication and observations of symptom relief in depression.
Major depressive disorder
A severe mood disorder during which a person experiences depressive episodes without intermittent bouts of mania
Manic episode
A period of at least one week of excessively elevated mood, euphoria, or enthusiasm that may be interrupted by outbursts of anger or irritability.
Monoamine hypothesis
The proposal that deficiencies in the monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and/or serotonin cause depression.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
An antidepressant that blocks the activity of the degrading enzyme monoamine oxidase in the synaptic gap of monoamine neurotransmitters.
Nurogenesis
The cellular process that contributes to neuronal growth
Neuropathic pain
Associated with damage to, or overuse of, nerves. It may be associated with certain types of cancer, autoimmune disorders, or trauma.
Psychostimulant
A drug that increase or stimulates cortical activity and arousal.
What are examples of Psychostimulants
Cocaine and amphetamines
Rapid cycling
A condition where periods of depression and mania in bipolar disorder cycle at least four times in a year.
Reactive depression
A period of depression associated with a significant life event such as the loss of a spouse or significant other, loss of financial resources, or significant stress.
Second generation
A class of drugs that have supplemented or replaced first generation drugs and differ significantly in their mechanism of action.
Serotonin syndrome
A toxic reaction caused by excessive serotonin activity. Symptoms may include disorientation, confusion, visual disturbances, agitation, and mania
Suicidality
Attempts, both successful and unsuccessful, at committing suiide.
Suicide ideation
Thoughts of suicide and/or planning suicide attempts
Transcription
A step in the process of expressing the activity of genes for the building of a specific protein.
Tricyclic antidepressant
An antidepressant characterized by its three-ring molecular structure.
Upregulation
A process that results in an increase in synaptic activity by increasing neurotransmitter synthesis, its release, and/or the availability of its receptors.
What is the S in SIGECAPS?
Sleep - Too much or too little
What is SIGECAPS for?
Diagnosing depression
What is the I in SIGECAPS
Interested - What do you do for fun?
What is the G in SIGECAPS
Guilt
What is the E in SIGECAPS
Energy - too much or too little
What is the C in SIGECAPS
Concentration
What is the A in SIGECAPS
Appetite - Too much or too little
What is the P in SIGECAPS
Psychomotor - too much or too little movement
What is the second S in SIGECAPS
Sex - loose interest in - or Suicide
Serotonin Specific Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) drugs
1) Celexa
2) Lexapro
3) Prozac
4) Luvox
5) Paxil
6) Zoloft
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) drugs
1) Marplan
2) Nardil
3) Eldapril
4) Parnate
Tricyclic Antidepressant Drugs
1) Elavil
2) Norpramin
3) Sinequan
4) Tofranil, Imipramin
5) Pamelor
6) Triptil, Vivactil
7) Surmontil
What drug makes you eat alot?
Remeron
Lexapro
escitalopram
Celexa
citalopram
Zoloft
sertraline
Prozac
fluoxetine
Paxil
paroxetine
Serotonin (SE)-Norepinephrine (NE) Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) Drugs
1) Cymbalta
2) Remeron
3) Serzone
4) Effexor
Atypical antidepressants drugs
1) Asendin
2) Wellbutrin/Zyban
3) Ludiomil
4) Norebox, Edronax
5) Desyrel
Effexor
venlafaxine
Pristia
desvealafaxin
Cymbalta
duloxetine
Remeron
mirtazepine
Wellbutrin/Zyban
bupropion
Desyrel
trazodone
Esketamine
ketamine
Tofranil
imipramine
Elavil
amiltriptyline
Pamelor
nortriptyline
Anafranil
clomipreminyo
Mood stabilizers and anticonvulsant drugs
1) Cithium
2) Depalcote
3) Neurontin
4) Lyricm
5) Topomax
6) Tegretol
7) Abilify
…. loads the gun but …. pulls the trigger
Genetics, Environment
What is FIGIPC for?
Mania diagnosis
What does FIGIPC stand for?
Flight of ideas
Impulsiveness
Grandiosity
Insomnia - sometimes first symptom
Pressure of speech - can’t stop speaking
Clanging associations - rymes/lyrics
What is the Monoamine Hypothesis?
We have too few Monamines (Serotonin, Dopamine, and Norepinephrine).
Why was the monoamine hypothesis revised?
Because even though antidepressant treatments cause rapid changes in neurotransmitters, there is a lag time between drug-induced changes in neurotransmitter availability and symptoms which can take 2 weeks or longer to improve.
How was the Monoamine hypothesis revised?
That depression may be a consequence of neural degeneration in the hippocampus and frontal cortex caused by monoamine neurons in these areas failing to produce enough tropic or growth factors. - There is more going on than just monoamine neurotransmitter unavailability
What nerve growth factor is believed to play a significant part in the revised monoamine hypothesis?
BDNF (brain-derived neurotropic factor)
What may contribute to the complication of the monoamine hypothesis?
Chronic Stress
Who came up with the BDNF theory?
Ronald Duman
Depression was believed to be caused by downregulation of….. and increase of…..
Monoamine, autoreceptor activity
What is the series of cellular events that BDNF is dependent upon?
1) There is an influx of Calcium upon the activation of monoamine metabotropic receptors.
2) Calcium then activates second messengers
3) Second messengers (CREB) which regulate the transcription of BDNF from the cell’s DNA is activated
4) BDNF is increased/activated
5) AKA… Calcium starts the party, cAMP goes up, PKA goes up, CREB goes up, BDNF goes up, and depression goes down.
