Neuro psych Quiz 2.2

Question 1

Neurotransmitters

Answer 1

chemicals released by a neuron that affect another neuron

Question 2

What are the major categories of neurotransmitters?

Answer 2

1) Amino acids
2) monoamines
3) acetylcholine
4) neuropeptides
5) purines
6) gases

Question 3

Amino acids

Answer 3

Acids containing an amine group (NH2)

Question 4

monoamines

Answer 4

Chemicals formed by a change in certain amino acids

Question 5

acetylcholine

Answer 5

a chemical similar to an amino acid, except that it includes an N(CH3)3 group instead of an NH2

Question 6

neuropeptides

Answer 6

chains of amino acids

Question 7

purines

Answer 7

a category of chemicals including adenosine and its derivatives

Question 8

gases

Answer 8

nitric oxide and others

Question 9

what is the oddest transmitter?

Answer 9

Nitric oxide

Question 10

What does a highly active brain area do to increase its blood supply?

Answer 10

it releases nitric oxide which dilates the blood vessels in the area and increases blood flow.

Question 11

Catecholamines

Answer 11

compounds that contain a catechol group and an amine group (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine)

Question 12

vesicles

Answer 12

tiny spherical packets that store high concentrations of neurotransmitter molecules.

Question 13

Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Answer 13

breaks down transmitters (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine) into inactive chemicals

Question 14

What was the first antidepressant drugs that psychiatrists discovered?

Answer 14

MAO inhibitors

Question 15

exocytosis

Answer 15

bursts of release of neurotransmitter from from the presynaptic neuron after calcium enters the terminal

Question 16

ionotropic effects

Answer 16

effects begin quickly and decay swiftly. Good for visual, auditory, and any other information that needs to be given swiftly

Question 17

transmitter-gated/ligand-gated channels

Answer 17

channels controlled by a neurotransmitter

Question 18

What is the most common ionotropic inhibitory

Answer 18

GABA

Question 19

metabotropic effects

Answer 19

initiates a sequence of metabolic reactions that are slower, and longer lasting

Question 20

G-protein

Answer 20

a protein coupled to guanosine triphosphate, an energy storing molecule

Question 21

second messenger

Answer 21

communicates to many areas in the cell (cAMP)

Question 22

neuromodulators/neuropeptides

Answer 22

synthesized in the cell body, released from dendrites, cell body, and sides of axon, released by repeated depolarization, release the neuropeptides at neighboring cells, diffuse to a wide area, and last for several minutes.

Question 23

hallucinogenic drugs

Answer 23

drugs that distort perception, such as LSD

Question 24

Nicotine

Answer 24

compound present in tobacco, stimulates a family of acetylcholine receptors

Question 25

Opiate drugs

Answer 25

Derived from the opium poppy

Question 26

acetylcholinesterase

Answer 26

breaks down acetylcholine

Question 27

catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT)

Answer 27

enzyme that breaks down any transmitter molecules not taken up by transporters

Question 28

Examples of stimulant drugs that inhibit the transporters for dopamine

Answer 28

amphetamine and cocaine

Question 29

Methylphenidate (Ritalin)

Answer 29

stimulant drug for ADHD

Question 30

What happens to acetylcholine molecules after they stimulate a postsynaptic receptor?

Answer 30

acetylcholinesterase breaks int down into acetate and choline which are then reabsorbed by the presynaptic terminal

Question 31

What happens to 5-HT and catecholamine molecules after they stimulate a postsynaptic receptor?

Answer 31

Most are reabsorbed by pre terminal. Some are broken down into inactive chemicals

Question 32

How do amphetamines and cocaine influence dopamine synapes?

Answer 32

They interfere with reuptake and release of dopamine

Question 33

Why is methylphenidate generally less disruptive to behavior than cocaine is despite the drugs similar mechanisms?

Answer 33

The effects develop and decline in the brain slower than cocaine.

Question 34

auto receptors

Answer 34

receptors that respond to the released transmitter by inhibiting further synthesis and release.

Question 35

What are two neurons that respond to stimulation by releasing chemicals that travel back to the presynaptic terminal to inhibit further release?

Answer 35

anandamide and 2-AG

Question 36

Cannabinoids

Answer 36

Active ingredient in marihuana. bind to anandamide or 2-AG on presynaptic terminals

Question 37

How do cannabinoids affect neurons?

Answer 37

Cannabinoids released by the postsynaptic neuron attach to receptors on presynaptic neurons, where they inhibit further release of both glutamate and GABA

Question 38

gap junction

Answer 38

Where the membrane of one neuron comes in touch with the membrane of another.

Question 39

hormone

Answer 39

a chemical secreted by cells in one part of the body and conveyed by the blood to influence other cells

Question 40

Two types of hormones composed of chains of amino acids that attach to membrane receptors and activate a second messenger.

Answer 40

protein hormones (longer) and peptide hormones (shorter)

Question 41

Two parts of pituitary gland

Answer 41

anterior and posterior (considered an extension of hypothalamus)

Question 42

What hormones does neurons in the hypothalamus synthesize

Answer 42

oxytocin and vasopressin

Question 43

releasing hormones

Answer 43

released by hypothalamus. flow to anterior pituitary through blood. Stimulate or inhibit release of other hormones

Question 44

Which part of the pituitary is neural tissue similar to the hypothalamus?

Answer 44

posterior

Question 45

Which part of the pituitary is glandular tissue and produces hormones that control the secretions by other endocrine organs?

Answer 45

anterior

Question 46

in what way is a neuropeptide intermediate between neurotransmitters and hormones?

Answer 46

1) most neurotransmitters are released in small amounts close to receptors 2) Neuropeptides are released into a brain area in larger amounts or not at all and diffuse more widely 3) Hormones are released into the blood for diffuse delivery throughout the body

Question 47

What was Leowi's evidence that neurotransmission depends on the release of chemicals?

Answer 47

He stimulated one frog's heart, collected fluid around it, transferred it to another frog's heart, and saw change in its heart rate.

Question 48

What are the brain's neurotransmitters?

Answer 48

Glutamate GABA Serotonin

Question 49

The amino acid tryptophan is a precursor to which neurotransmitter?

Answer 49

Serotonin

Question 50

How could you cause the presynaptic terminal of an axon to release its transmitter without an action potential?

Answer 50

Inject calcium into the presynaptic terminal

Question 51

The brain's most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter is what

Answer 51

Glutamate

Question 52

The brain's most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter is what

Answer 52

GABA

Question 53

In what ways does a metabotropic synapse differ from an ionotropic synapse?

Answer 53

Its effects are slower to start and last longer

Question 54

What is a second messenger?

Answer 54

A chemical released inside a cell after stimulation at a metabotropic synapse

Question 55

What is true of neuropeptides?

Answer 55

They are released in large quantities or not at all

Question 56

What drug exerts its behavioral effects by binding to the same receptor as a neurotransmitter?

Answer 56

Nicotine

Question 57

Which neurotransmitter is broken into two pieces to inactivate it, after it excites the postsynaptic neuron?

Answer 57

Acetylcholine

Question 58

What does a transporter protein do at a synapse?

Answer 58

It pumps used neurotransmitter molecules back into the presynaptic neuron

Question 59

Except for the magnitude of speed of effects, methylphenidate affects synapse the same way as what other drug?

Answer 59

Cocaine

Question 60

What drug acts by inhibiting release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic neurons?

Answer 60

Cannabinoids

Question 61

In contrast to the posterior pituitary, the anterior pituitary...

Answer 61

Is glandular tissue that produces hormones that control other endocrine organs