Neuro Psych Final Flashcards by Ashley Price

What is the main site for absorption of digested food into the bloodstream?

Small intestine

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The majority of the people with —- are —-

Anorexia; women

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By what means does the brain find out about the degree of stretch of the stomach?

from activity of the vagus nerve

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Approximately what percent of the mammalian body is composed of water?

70%

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Which hormone controls the rate at which glucose leaves the blood and enters the cells?

Insulin

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Osmotic thirst is to — as hypovolemic thirst is to —

The OVLT; both baroreceptros and the subfornical organ

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By what means does the brain find out about the nutrient contents of the stomach

From activity of the splanchnic nerves

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what does the large intestine obsorb?

Absorbs water and minerals.

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Abnormal levels of which neurotransmitter often have been found in bulimics?

higher than normal levels of peptide YY

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What is it called if an animal’s body temperature stays the same as that of the environment?

Poikilothermic

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A loss of blood will lead to what kind of thirst?

Hypovolemic

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What is the function of the chemicals prostaglandin E1 and E2

It causes an increase in body temperature

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When needed, fat reserves can be converted into:

glucose

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The blood’s glucose level ordinarily remains relatively constant because of the activity of

The liver

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Leukocytes release protein called

cytokines

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What kind of thirst is produced by an increased concentration of solutes in the blood?

Osmotic

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Baroreceptors attached to large veins detect:

the pressure of blood returning to the heart

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Lower metabolic rate is to —– as higher metabolic rate is to —-

radiating little heat; radiating lots of heat

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Which hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, both raises blood pressure and enables the kidneys to reabsorb water?

vasopressin

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The first digestive site that absorbs a significant amount of nutrients is the

duodenum

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Most of the diet drugs developed to date act by

stimulating specific serotonin receptors

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An animal is likely to eat great amounts and gain weight after damage to which structure?

the ventromedial hypothalamus

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Humans expend about twice the amount of their energy on what activity?

maintaining basal metabolism

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Abnormal levels of which neurotransmitter often have been found in bulimics?

lower than normal levels of CCK

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If two people eat the same amount of food, the person with the lower metabolism will:

gain more weight

Leptin is produced by:

Body fat

The esophagus brings food from the

mouth to the stomach

What is the hormone imbalance associated with diabetes?

too little insulin

What disorder is common among the relatives of people with anorexia?

obsessive-compulsive disorder

When food distends the duodenum, the duodenum releases which hormone?

CCK

Glucagon stimulates the liver to

convert glycogen to glucose

Blood vessel constriction, shivering and sweating are controlled by which area of the brain?

preoptic are the hypothalamus

The kidneys release renin:

If blood volume drops

Individuals who have lost sodium and other solutes:

may experience a craving for salty tastes

Anorexia nervosa is to --- as bulimia nervosa is to ---

under-eating variably over-eating and undereating

A set point refers to

A variable that the body works to maintain at a stable level

Under normal circumstances, the ---- nerve is more important for satiety

Vagus

Many anorexics' cortisol levels:

are elevated

Which of the following is true about a fever?

It is part of the body's defense against an illness

The adrenal gland hormone aldosterone:

Causes the kidneys to conserve sodium.

Which type of leukocyte surrounds the bacterium or other intruder and digest it?

a macrophage

Proteins that circulate in the blood, specifically attaching to one kind of antigen are:

Antibodies

The limbic system consists of structures that are believed to be important for which kind of responses?

emotional

The risk of sleep apnea is increased among which group of people?

men who are overweight

What are produced in the bone marrow and are the most important elements of the immune system?

leukocytes

Valium, Librium, and Xanax are examples of

benzodiazepines

One key area of the brain associated with learned fears is the

amygdala

A nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it is a definition of

stress

which of the following would most likely help someone adjust to jet lag?

keeping the room light when you need to stay awake

The autonomic nervous system is divided into two parts: the ---- nervous system (which prepares the body for emergency action_, and the ----- nervous system (which increases digestion)

sympathetic; parasympathetic

Depression is linked to ---- serotonin and aggressive behavior is linked to --- serotonin

low; low

Why do humans suffer from fever when ill?

It is an important defense since most viruses do not thrive at high temperatures

Night terrors can be distinguished from nightmares in that night terrors

occur during NREM sleep

Some drugs used to treat allergies may produce drowsiness if they

block histamine

With regard to sleep and arousal, the locus coeruleus is

Almost completely inactive during sleep

What does cataplexy involve

An attack of muscle weakness while awake

The immune system's way of telling the brain that the body is ill are:

cytokines

Compared to the earlier part, the later part of a night's sleep

includes a larger percentage of REM sleep

Cytotoxic T cells:

directly attack intruder cells

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is located just above the

optic chiasm

Serendipity refers to

stumbling upon something interesting while looking for something else

Information from cytokines is relayed to the brain, specifically to the

hypothalamus and hippocampus.

For a normal person, about how long does a cycle of sleep (from stage 1 to stage 4 and back again) last?

90 minutes

Many people with panic attacks make their own problems worse by

hyperventilating

The role of the reticular formation in arousal is that it is

Only one of several systems involved in arousal

Why do humans suffer from sleepiness, decreased muscle activity, and decreased sex drive during illness?

They are useful ways of conserving energy while the body is attacking the illness

Suppose you fell into a cave and lost your cell phone. Without any time cues, your circadian rhythm would

remain relatively stable

Which of these is characteristics of sleep apnea?

periods without breathing during sleep

What is the relationship between fear and anxiety?

fear is acute while anxiety is longer lasting

What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in circadian rhythms?

Its neurons generate a 24-hour rhythm by themselves

According to James-Lange theory, we experience emotions

After we experience autonomic arousal

Stress activates two systems... One is the...

HPA axis, which becomes increasingly important with prolonged stressors

When do the secretions of melatonin begin?

A couple of hours before a person naturally falls asleep

What is the best way to determine if an individual who claims to never dream does, in fact, have a dream?

Wake them up during REM sleep and ask them if they have been dreaming

According the Cannon-Bard theory

an event causes physical arousal and emotional experience, simultaneously

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the...

hypothalamus

Stimulation of the --- will lead to vigorous affective attacks

Amygdala

high cortisol levels increase the likelihood that hippocampal cells will be

vulnerable to damage by toxins

The pineal gland releases the ---- hormone, which influences both circadian and circannual rhythms.

Melatonin

Young children are more likely to be "morning people" than older adults

True

What is nacrolepsy?

Sudden periods of sleepiness during the day

Biological clocks are very resistant to environmental influences.

True

Researchers have demonstrated that the expression of the suprachiasmatic nucleus gene can be changed through...

exposure of eyes to light

What is the startle response like in people suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder?

It is generally stronger than in other people

People who have panic attacks often react certain signals from their bodies as if they were experiencing which of the following?

suffocation

A human's body temperature over the course of 24 hours is usually highest

mid to late afternoon

One surprising features about people with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is that, on the average, they have

Lower than normal cortisol levels

Blood cells that attach to types of tumor cells and cells infected with viruses are known as

natural killer cells

The immune systems is weakened by

long-term stress but not short-term stress

If the onset of an illness is influenced by someone's personality emotions, or experiences, we call the illness

psychosomatic