Neuro psych Quiz 4.2/4.1

Question 1

How large is the brain at birth?

Answer 1

350 grams

Question 2

How large is the brain at 1yr?

Answer 2

1,000 grams

Question 3

How large is the brain as an adult?

Answer 3

1,200 - 1,400 grams

Question 4

What are the 5 stages of the Development of Neurons?

Answer 4

1) Proliferation
2) Migration
3) Differentiation
4) Myelination
5) Synaptogenesis

Question 5

Proliferation

Answer 5

Production of new cells. Cells lining the ventricles of the brain divide - SOME cells remain & become “stem cells” - Continuing to divide. OTHERS become primitive neurons & glia that migrate to their location.

Question 6

Migration

Answer 6

Neurons move toward their eventual destination in brain.

Question 7

What do Immunoglobulms & chemokines that guide the migration of neurons lead to a deficit in?

Answer 7

1) Impaired migration
2) decreased brain size
3) mental retardation

Question 8

Differentiation

Answer 8

forming axon & dendrites for unique shape.

Question 9

What grows first, the axon or dendrite?

Answer 9

the axon

Question 10

When does the dendrite grow?

Answer 10

when it gets to its destination

Question 11

Myelination

Answer 11

slower stage whereby the glia produce insulated sheaths

Question 12

How long does myelination go?

Answer 12

It continues gradually into early adulthood &is much slower that proliferation, migration, or differentiation.

Question 13

Synaptogenesis

Answer 13

formation of synapse - begins before birth & and continues through life as neurons from new synapses and discard old ones. However, this process slows down in most older people

Question 14

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Answer 14

exposure to alcohol while in the womb

Question 15

The ——- a pregnant mother drinks, the ——– ——— the child will be

Answer 15

more, more, impulsive

Question 16

What are effects of FAS?

Answer 16

1) impulsivity
2) decreased alertness
3) facial abnormalities
4) hyperactivity
5) decrease IQ

Question 17

What happens when a child with FAS reaches adulthood?

Answer 17

they are at a high risk of….
1) high risk of alcoholism
2) high risk of drug dependance
3) depression
4) psychiatric d/o
5) anger

Question 18

What does a use of cocaine while pregnant lead to?

Answer 18

1) decrease IQ
2) decrease language skills
3) severe neurological impairments
4) decrease attentiveness

Question 19

What does a use of tobacco while pregnant lead to?

Answer 19

1) decrease birth weight
2) decrease immune system
3) SIDS
4) long-term IQ deficits
5) ADHD
6) delinquency/crime (especially sons)

Question 20

Why do woodpeckers not have brain damage?

Question 21

Closed head injuries

Answer 21

sharp blow to head that does not puncture skull
- forces drive the brain tissue against inside of skull
- blot clots interrupt normal blood flow to brain

Question 22

What happens when you have repeated blows to the head?

Answer 22

1) serious memory loss
2) loss of reasoning
3) loss of movement control
4) loss of emotional balance

Question 23

Sports that lead to head injuries

Answer 23

1) boxing
2) hockey
3) football
4) soccer

Question 24

BEFAST (for strokes)

Answer 24

Balance: sudden loss of balance
Eyes: double or loss of vision suddenly
Face: ask them to smile - one side droops
Arms: ask them to raise both arms - one may drift downward
Speech: ask them to repeat phrase - speech is slurred/strange
Time: call 9-1-1 if any signs are present

Question 25

How many waves do strokes kill neurons in?

Answer 25

2 1) those in the vicinity of the ischemia/hemorrhage 2) cells in the PENUMBRA (surrounding region) are threatened and may die over next few days/weeks. They are invaded by waste products from dying cells

Question 26

Ischemia (more common)

Answer 26

(blocked blood vessel) leads to cells in penumbra LOSE oxygen & glucose due to a clot in the artery

Question 27

Hemorrhage (least common)

Answer 27

(burst blood vessel) leads to cells in penumbra FLOODED with oxygen, calcium & other blood products.

Question 28

The BBB has broken down in strokes so....

Answer 28

EDEMA forms (swelling caused by accumulation of fluid) causing increase pressure on the brain causing more strokes.

Question 29

Sodium potassium pump in strokes

Answer 29

slows down causing an accumulation of sodium inside neurons.

Question 30

What does the combination of edema & excess sodium cause glia cells to do?

Answer 30

dump glutamate & other neurotransmitters they had been storing.

Question 31

What does this excess glutamate do?

Answer 31

it overstimulates neurons & kills neurons & synapses. As the neurons die, microglia cells proliferate - removing waste product

Question 32

Treatment for stroke?

Answer 32

quickly administering tPA (tissue plasminogen activator) which breaks up blood clots (can cause hemorrhage)

Question 33

Since tPA could cause a hemorrhage, why do they normally give it when one has a stroke?

Answer 33

Because a hemorrhage is less common and fatal anyway

Question 34

What promotes recovery from a stroke?

Answer 34

1) avoid tranquilizers (it impairs recovery) 2) use stimulant drugs a few days after the stroke 3) keep patient cold (91 - 97 degrees F) for first 3 days. a) ice packs, injections of cool liquid into blood, drugs that lower body temp 4) Exposure to cannabinoids a) put brakes on glutamate (glutamate is reason for cell loss) b) they have anti-inflammatory effects

Question 35

Phantom Limb Syndrome

Answer 35

body part is amputated yet there is a continuing sensation as a result of BRAIN REORGANIZATION (rewire) the greater the reorganization of the SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX, the more LIKELY and more INTENSE the phantom sensations.

Question 36

What might phantom sensations feel like?

Answer 36

1) burning 2) shooting 3) pins & needles 4) crushing 5) electric shock 6) movement 7) temperature 8) pressure 9) vibration 10) itch

Question 37

TXs for PLS

Answer 37

1) antidepressants (Elavil, Ultram), 2) anticonvulsants (Tegretol, Lyrica), 3) Opioids (codeine, morphine)

Question 38

Non drug TXs for PLS

Answer 38

1) Nerve stimulation (TENS) transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation 2) mirror image - "seeing" the phantom limb tricks the brain into thinking you have two limbs as you do therapy 3) Acupuncture - thin needles inserted in skin to prompt pain relieving chemicals 4) Lifestyle choices - distract self from pain, stay physically active, relaxation techniques

Question 39

Though one may lose a limb, the brain connections remain plastic (constantly changing) throughout life.

Question 40

--------- ------- recover from brain damage better than ----- ------- ------

Answer 40

Younger adults, very old adults

Question 41

Who loses neurons throughout life?

Answer 41

everyone

Question 42

What happens to the brain in people over 60?

Answer 42

their dendrites might shrink in certain brain areas (especially in senile people) Senior citizens who stay alert may not experience any shrinkage

Question 43

Kennard Principle

Answer 43

the degree of recovery from brain damage is MORE complete in CHILDREN than ADULTS - especially if child's brain damage is confined to ONE hemisphere.