CJ Chapters 4-6 Flashcards
Tithing
In medieval England a group of 10 families who collectively dealt with minor disturbances and breaches of the peace
Hue and cry
In medieval England, a call for assistance. The policy of self-help that prevailed in villages demanded that everyone respond if a citizen raised a hue and cry to get their aid.
hundred
In medieval England, a group of 100 families responsible for maintaining order and trying minor offenses
Constable
In medieval England, an appointed official who administered and supervised the legal affairs of a small community
Shire reeve
In medieval England, the senior law enforcement figure in a country; the forerunner of today’s sheriff
Sheriff
The chief law enforcement officer in a county
Watch system
During the Middle Ages in England, men were organized in church parishes to guard at night against disturbances and breaches of the peace under the direction of the local constable
Justice of the peace
Established in 1326 England, the office was created to help the shire reeve in controlling the county; it later took on judicial functions.
Vigilants
Groups of citizens who tracked down wanted criminals in the Old West
The first modern police force was established in London?
True
What was the first police force?
The London Metropolitan Police
When was the Metropolitan Police formed?
1829
Who was fundamental in creating and founding the first organized police force?
Robert Peel
When did police departments begin making strides towards professionalism?
The 1900s
Who was the leader of the Montana Vigilantes?
John X. Beidler
Who are the Montana Vigilantes?
A secretive band formed to fight crime in Montana in the 1860s
What are key excerpts from the President’s task force on 21st century policing?
1) Building Trust and Legitimacy
2) Policy and Oversight
3) Technology and Social Media
4) Community Policing and Crime Reduction
5) Training and Education
6) Officer Wellness and Safety
What does DEA stand for?
Drug Enforcement Administration
What does the DEA do?
enforces federal drug control laws
What does ATF stand for?
Bureau of Alcohol, Tabaco, Firearms, and Explosives
What does the ATF do?
The Federal agency with jurisdiction over the illegal sale, importation, and criminal misuse of firearms and explosives an the distribution of untaxed liquor and cigarettes.
After 9/11 what is the FBI’s highest priorates?
To protect the U.S from terrorist attacks
Secret Service
Federal agency responsible for executive protection and for investigation of counterfeiting and various forms of financial fraud.
What is the state’s strategic plan for homeland security?
1) Prevent
2) Protect
3) Mitigate
4) Respond
5) Recover
How many officers do metropolitan law enforcement agencies employ?
50 or fewer
Are there more public or private police
Private police. They outnumber public 3 to 1
Why is private policing so popular?
1) Many people feel the private sector can do a better job of keeping people safe.
2) Because of a growth of mass private property.
3) The belief that government police are not capable of providing the level of service and presence that the public desires.
What distinguishes the private police from the public?
1) Focus on loss instead of crime
2) Preventive methods
3) Private justice
4) Private property
Data mining
Using computer software to conduct analysis of behavior patterns in an effort to identify crime patterns and link them to suspects.
Biometrics
Automated methods of recognizing a person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic.
DNA profiling
The identification of criminal suspects by matching DNA samples taken from their person with specimens found at the crime scene.
Predictive policing
Application of advanced analytic to criminal justice data for the purpose of predicting where and when crime will occur.
What are the four types of predictive policing
1) Methods for predicting crimes
2) Methods of predicting offenders
3) Methods for predicting perpetrators’ identities
4) Methods for predicting victims of crimes
Police chief
The top administrator of the police department who sets policy and has general control over departmental practices. Typically political rather than civil servant who serves at the mayor’s pleasure
Time-in-rank system
For police officers to advance in the rank, they must spend an appropriate amount of time, usually years, in the preceding rank.
What is an example of time in rank system?
captain to officer to lieutenant.
What does the majority of police work entail?
Mundane tasks such as responding to service calls.
Order maintenance (peacekeeping)
The order-maintenance aspect of the police role involves peacekeeping, maintaining order and authority without the need for formal arrest, and keeping things under control by using threats, persuasion, and understanding
Proactive policing
A police department policy that emphasizes stopping crimes before they occur, rather than reacting to crimes that have already occurred.
Deterrent effect
Stopping or reducing crime by convincing would-be criminals that they stand a significant risk of being apprehended and punished for their crimes.
Directed Patrol
A patrol strategy that involves concentrating police resources in areas where certain crimes are a significant problem.
Does rapid response to 911 calls reporting a crime in progress increase the chance of the offender being apprehended?
No, it has almost no effect.
Broken windows model
A term used to describe the role of the police as maintainers of community order and safety
What are Kelling and Wilson’s main points about broken windows model?
1) Neighborhood disorder creates fear
2) Neighborhoods give out crime-promoting signals
3) Police need citizen cooperation
CompStat
A program originated by the New York City police that used carefully collected and analyzed crime data to shape policy and evaluate police effectiveness.
What are the three prongs to the typical detective’ s approach to detecting?
1) Specific focus
2) General coverage
3) Informative
Vice squads
Police officers assigned to enforce morality-based laws such as those on prostitution, gambling, and pornography
True or False - The more serious the crime the more likely it is that detectives with solve it.
True - serious criminal incidents get more attention
True or False - Most crimes are solved when the perpetrator is identified at the crime scene
True
Forensic science
The use of scientific techniques to investigate questions of interest to the justice system and to solve crime
What changes can be linked to the COP initiatives
1) Neighborhood orientation
2) Changing management styles
3) Changing recruitment and training
What is COP
Community Oriented Policing
What is NOP
Neighborhood-oriented policing
True or False - COP can succeed in any community if the police try hard enough
False - It takes police and community
What is POP
Problem-oriented policing
What is ILP
Intelligence-led policing
What does ILP rely heavily on?
1) Confidential informants
2) Offender interviews
3) Careful analysis of crime reports and calls for service
4) Suspect surveillance
5) Community sources of information
National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan (NCISP)
A formal intelligence-sharing initiative that identifies the security and intelligence-sharing needs recognized in the wake of the 9/11 terrorist attacks
Fusion centers
Mechanisms to exchange information and intelligence, maximize resources, streamline operations, and improve the ability to fight crime and terrorism by analyzing data from a variety of sources.
What is a key police agency funtion?
to prevent, reduce, and solve crime in the community
What are the three strategic objectives for community order maintenance?
safety/service, conflict management, and law enforcement.
What are police primarily evaluated on?
On their ability to prevent, reduce, and solve crime
4 goals of a Fusion Center
- Provide support for law enforcement facilities
- Provide help for major incident operations/criminal investigations
- Provide means for community input
- provide assistance to law enforcement executives so they can make informed decisions
pg 125
Internal affairs
Branch of police department that investigates charges of corruption or misconduct on the part of the police officers
pg 126
1st African American police officer
Washington DC in 1861
pg 132
Double marginality
The social burden African American police officers carry by virtue of being both a minority group members and law enforcement
pg 133
1st woman police officer
Alice Stebbins, Los Angelos, 1910
Do male police officers think that women police officers can do the job just as well as them?
No, male police officers do not think that women police officers can do the job just as well as them
Policing is a very stressful job ?
Yes
pg 134
cynicism
The belief that most people’s actions re solely motivated by personal needs and selfishness
pg 135
Blue Curtian
the secretive, insulated police culture that isolates officers from the rest of society
pg 135
Does education make a difference for police officers?
Yes, education helps officers perform more effectively, generate less complaints, show more initiative in preforming tasks, and generally act more professionally
pg 135
Myth: Police officers feel like no one else understands what they do for a living?
True. many officers feel like the public neither fully understands, or fully appreciates the work that they do. (there are exceptions, but this is the majority)
pg 136
4 basic styles of policing
- Watchman
- emphasis on maintaining public order rather than law enforcement or general service.
- Crime fighter
-most important aspect of policing is investigating serious crimes and apprehending criminals. - social Agent
-police should be involved in wide range of activities without regard for connection to law enforcement. (Police are community problem solvers, not “criminal catchers”) - Law enforcer
-enforce the law and stay by the book
pg 137
watchman
emphasis on maintaining public order rather than law enforcement or general service.
crime fighter
most important aspect of policing is investigating serious crimes and apprehending criminals
social agent
police should be involved in wide range of activities without regard for connection to law enforcement. (Police are community problem solvers, not “criminal catchers”)
Discretion
the use of personal decision making and choice in carrying out operations in the criminal justice system. For example, police discretion can involve deciding whether to make an arrest; prosecutorial discretion can involve deciding whether to accept a plea bargain.
pg 138
Emotional intellegence
The capability of monitoring one’s own feelings and actions in order to guide action
pg 138
Demeanor
the way in which a person outwardly manifests his or her personality
pg 139
2 ways peer group affects how police officers exercise discretion
- direct way: other police officers dictate acceptable responses to street level problems
- officers who take their job seriously and desire the respect and friendship will take the advice and seek out the most experienced officers to adopt their behavior
pg 139
Racial Profiling
the practice of police targeting minority groups because of a belief that they are more likely to engage in criminal activity
pg 140
police brutality
usually involves such actions as the use of abusive language, the unnecessary use of force or coercion, threats, prodding with nightsticks, stopping and searching people to harass them, and so on
pg 142
coruption
exercising legitimate discretion for improper reasons or using illegal means to achieve approved goals
pg 142
Knapp Commission
a public body that led an investigation into police corruption in New York and uncovered a widespread network of payoffs and bribes
pg 143
meat eaters
a term for police officers who actively solicit bribes and vigorously engage in corrupt practices
pg 142
grass eaters
a term used for police officers who accept payoffs when everyday duties place them in a position to look the other way
pg 143
deadly force
force that is likely to cause death or bodily harm
pg 144
suicide by cop
a form of suicide in which a person acts in an aggressive manner with police officers in order to induce them to shoot to kill.
pg 144
non-deadly force
force that is unlikely to cause death or significant bodily harm
pg 147
less-lethal weapons
weapons designed to disable or immobilize rather than kill criminal suspects
pg 147
Miranda Warning
the requirement that police officers inform suspects subjected to custodial interrogation that they have a constitutional right to remain silent, that their statements can later be used against them in court, that they can have an attorney present to help them, and that the state will pay for an attorney if they cannot afford to hire one.
pg 149
search warrant
an order issued by a judge, directing officers to conduct a search of specified premises for specified objects or persons and bring them before the court
pg 149
Miranda Waning
- Right to remain silent
- if he makes a statement, it can be used against him in court
- he has the right to consult an attorney and to have the attorney present at the time of the interrogation
- if he cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed by the state
pg 149
probable cause
The evidentiary criterion necessary to sustain an arrest or the issuance of an arrest or search warrant; less than absolute certainty or “beyond a reasonable doubt” but greater than mere suspicion or “hunch”
pg 151
Stop and frisk
the situation when police officers who are suspicious of an individual run their hands slightly over the suspects outer garments to determine whether the person is carrying a concealed weapon. Also called a patdown or threshold inquiry, a stop and frisk is intended to stop short of any activity that could be considered a violation of 4th amendment rights.
pg 152
Exclusionary Rule
Evidence seized in violation of the 4th amendment cannot be used in a court of law.
pg 153
Good Faith Exception
the principle that evidence may be used in a criminal trial, even though the search warrant used to obtain it is technically faulty, if the police acted in good faith and to the best of their ability when they sought to obtain it from a judge.
pg 153
some warrants and searches are permissible as long as police have probable cause? True or False?
True. Certain types of warrantless searches are permissible, but not all of them. For example, it is never permissible for an officer that has probable cause but no warrant, to enter a private residence in the absence of exigent circumstances.
pg 152
Origin of US police agencies can be traced back to _____
__Early English Society__
Pg 82
Every person living in the village was responsible for aiding neighbors and protecting the settlement from thieves and marauders.
The “Pledge System”
pg 82
EARLIEST police force established where?
London, England, by Sir Robbert Peel.
pg 83
Law enforcement in America parallel which model?
British model
pg 83
Most important Law enforcement agent in colonial America?
The Colonial Sheriff
pg 83
The problem with early Sheriffs?
Tax collecting was more lucrative for them that making arrests, so many early sheriffs were not big on crime fighting.
pg 83
Created the first FORMAL police department? Why was it created?
Boston in 1838. Boston created their formal police department because of urban mob violence.
pg 83
Police during 19th century were regarded as _____ and _____.
incompetent and corrupt.
pg. 84
US Marshal’s service
Federal agency whose jurisdiction includes protecting federal officials, transporting criminal defendants, and tracking criminal fugitives.
pg 90
What does DHS stand for?
Department of Homeland Security
pg 90
What does the DHS do?
Federal agency responsible for preventing terrorist attacks within the United States, reducing America’s vulnerability to terrorism, and minimizing the damage and assisting in recovery from attacks that do occur.
pg 90
What does CBP stand for?
Customs and Border Protection
pg 90
What does CBP do?
Federal agency responsible for the control and protection of America’s borders and ports of entry. It’s first priority is keeping terrorists and their weapons out of the United States.
pg 90
2 types of technology in law enforcement and their purposes
- Hard Technology. New materials and equipment that police use to catch criminals and prevent crime. (Like body cameras).
- Soft Technology. Software and information systems. (Like new classification techniques, system integration, and data sharing).
pg 96
CODIS. What does it stand for? And what is it?
Combined DNA Index System. FBI’s database for DNA profiles.
pg 101
Crime maps
computer mapping that allows police to view graphic representations of where crimes are occurring in their jurisdiction.
pg 100
4 step process for recording biometric data.
- Raw data captured.
- Distinguishing characteristics used to create biometric template.
- template changed into mathematical representation of biometric sample and stored in database.
- Verification process when individual attempts to gain access to restricted site.
Backbone of police agency that forms over two thirds of the departments personal?
Patrol Officers
pg 110
Patrol Officers Function
- Deter crime by maintaining visible presence.
- Maintain public order (peacekeeping) within patrol area.
- Enable police department to respond quickly to violations of law or other emergencies.
- Identify and apprehend law violators.
- Aid individuals and care for those who cannot care for themselves.
- Facilitate the movement of traffic and people.
- Create a feeling of security in the community.
pg 110
O. W. Wilson
Pioneered the use of advanced training for officers and administrative techniques to policing.
pg 85
What is America’s oldest Federal law enforcement agency?
US Marshal Services
Who was the most famous police reformer of the early 1900s?
August Vollmer
Who pioneered the use of advanced training for officers and was instrumental in applying modern management and administrative techniques to policing?
O.W. Wilson
