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Medications and Behavior > Exam 1 (CHAPTERS 1-4) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (CHAPTERS 1-4) Flashcards

1
Q

How many Neurons are there?

A

200 Billion (some say 100)

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2
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

Bridge communication between sensory and motor in CNS

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3
Q

What are the 3 Neuron classes?

A

1) Sensory
2) Motor
3) Interneurons

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4
Q

Sensory (afferent neurons)

A

Ascending messages TO CNS from PNS

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5
Q

Motor (efferent)

A

Descending messages FROM CNS back TO PNS

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6
Q

Diffusion

A

Pressure to move from higher concentration to lower concentration

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7
Q

Electrostatic

A

Similarly charge ions repel each other

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8
Q

What are the resting potentials?

A

1) Diffusion
2) Electrostatic

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9
Q

What is the all or none law?

A

neuron fires at one level of intensity

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10
Q

What is the caveat to all or none law?

A

Number of neurons affected and frequency of firing can change with different intensities of stimuli

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11
Q

What affects the speed of neurons?

A

longer neurons and myelinated neurons make speed faster.

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12
Q

Saltatory (dancing) conduction

A

The way an electrical impulse skips from node to node down the full length of an axon

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13
Q

What is released when action potential reaches terminal button and what does it release?

A

Calcium is released and it triggers the release of NT.

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14
Q

Receptors

A

Proteins or amino acids located on the postsynaptic membrane (PSP)

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15
Q

What are receptors like?

A

A lock and key (each has a specific molecular configuration that allows substances to bind with it)

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16
Q

What are the two receptor types?

A

1) Ionotropic
2) Metabotropic

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17
Q

Which receptor type controls the ion channel directly?

A

Ionotropic

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18
Q

What does the binding of NT lead to in ionotropic receptors?

A

The opening of ion channels

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19
Q

Which receptor type quickly depolarize postsynaptic membrane?

A

Ionotropic

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20
Q

Which receptor type exerts its effects indirectly?

A

Metabotropic

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21
Q

Which receptor types requires a G protein to trigger the chain reaction that activates a second messenger?

A

Metabotropic

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22
Q

What is the chain reaction that a G protein triggers in a metabotropic receptor?

A

G protein triggers chain reaction that activates second messenger, cAMP, which then activates 3rd protein that controls ion channel

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23
Q

Which receptor is slower action and remains open or closed longer?

A

Metabotropic

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24
Q

What happens to remaining NT?

A

It is broken down by enzymes and then returns to terminal buttons OR returns intact (Reuptake)

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25
Q

What is the most important excitatory?

A

Glutamate

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26
Q

What is the most important inhibitory?

A

GABA

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27
Q

What Synapses depolarizes the membrane?

A

EPSP (Excitatory)

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28
Q

What Synapses hyperpolarizes the membrane?

A

IPSP (Inhibitory)

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29
Q

Where are autoreceptors located?

A

on the sending cell that regulate activity of that neuron

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30
Q

What does an autoreceptor do?

A

Modulates amount of NT released through a second messenger system

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31
Q

What receptor is more specific for certain NT and have more potential for drugs without side effects?

A

Autoreceptors

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32
Q

Neuron specific

A

Autoreceptors

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33
Q

Heteroreceptors

A

Not neuron specific

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34
Q

What is the imaginary line drawn through the spinal cord up to the front of the brain?

A

Neuraxis

35
Q

What are anatomical directions understood relative to?

A

Neuraxis

36
Q

What is toward the head (beak)

A

Anterior (rostral)

37
Q

What is towards the tail?

A

Posterior (caudal)

38
Q

What is toward the belly?

A

Ventral (inferior)

39
Q

What is toward the back (top of head)

A

Dorsal (superior)

40
Q

What is same side of brain?

A

Ipsilateral

41
Q

What is opposite side of brain?

A

Contralateral

42
Q

What are the planes of the brain?

A

1) Sagittal
2) Coronal (transverse)
3) Horizontal

43
Q

What forms the outer surface of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

The cerebral cortex (bark)

44
Q

How thick is the Cerebral Cortex?

A

3mm thick roughly

45
Q

What is the cortex convoluted by?

A

grooves

46
Q

What type of grooves are there on the Cortex?

A

1) Sulci (small grooves)
2) Fissures (large grooves)

47
Q

What are Bulges in the cortex called?

A

gyri

48
Q

What is the cortex primarily composed of?

A

Cells with give it its gray appearance (gray matter)

49
Q

What is the Subcortical Region

A

1) It contains limbic system and basal ganglia
2) called white matter because of large concentrations of myelin around axons

50
Q

Who first discovered the chemical agent for acetylcholine?

A

Otto Leowi in 1920s

51
Q

What is acetylcholine made of?

A

1) Choline in dietary fat
2) Glucose metabolism

52
Q

Muscarinic receptors

A

Metabotropic smooth and cardiac muscle

53
Q

Nicotinic

A

ionotropic Skeletal muscle

54
Q

What is acetylcholine terminated by?

A

acetylcholinterase (enzyme)

55
Q

What is norepinephrine synthesized from?

A

From dietary tyrosine (Part of the catecholamines with dopamine)

56
Q

What is norepinephrine terminated by?

A

1) Reuptake
2) Enzymatic deactivation by monoamine oxidase (MAO)

57
Q

What receptor does norepinephrine go with?

A

Metabotropic receptors

58
Q

Domaine

A

1) It is a Catecholamine
2) Metabotropic receptors
3) Synthesis and breakdown similar to NE

59
Q

What are the Dopamine Pathways?

A

1) Nigro-striatal system
2) Mesolimbic system
3) Mesocortical system
4) Tuberoinfundibular system

60
Q

Nigro-striatal system

A

Substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen (parts of basal ganglia)
2) Disrupts results in Parkinson’s

61
Q

Mesolimbic system

A

1) Reward system e.g. Remembering pleasure
2) Ventral tegmental area (VTA) to Nucleus accumbens

62
Q

Mesocortial system

A

1) Reward system e.g. Seeking to repeat pleasure
2) VTA to prefrontal cortex (e.g. resourceful efforts to acquire drug)

63
Q

Tuberoinfundibular system

A

Regulates prolactin in anterior pituitary

64
Q

Serotonin

A

Monoamine - indolamine like histamine but NOT a catecholamine

65
Q

What kind of receptors does Serotonin have?

A

Mostly metabotropic

66
Q

What is Serotonin synthesized from?

A

Tryptophan

67
Q

Examples of tryptophan…

A

Dairy products, soy products, meats, poultry, nuts, eggs, seeds, fruit, whole grains, chocolate and seafood

68
Q

Does eating a lot of turkey at Thanksgiving increase SE and make you sleepy?

A

Not really, SE changes slightly but you do get a carb overload at Thanksgiving.

69
Q

What is serotonin terminated by?

A

Reuptake and enzymatic deactivation

70
Q

Does Glutamate allow positively charge ions or negatively charged ions in?

A

Positively charged (Na+ and Ca+)

71
Q

Does Glutamate have long-term or short-term potentiation?

A

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

72
Q

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

Post synaptic membrane is actually changed to depolarize more readily

73
Q

What kind of receptors does Glutamate have?

A

Ionotropic and metabotropic

74
Q

What does Glutamate come from?

A

protein or ingested directly (MSG)

75
Q

What happens if you have too much glutamate? What is excessive exposure called?

A

Too much leads to dizziness an numbness or cell death. Excessive exposure is called excitotoxity

76
Q

What terminates Glutamate?

A

Reuptake

77
Q

GABA

A

Gamma-amino-butyric acid

78
Q

What receptors does GABA have?

A

Ionotropic and metabotropic

79
Q

How does GABA inhibit?

A

By allowing more negatively charge ions into cell

80
Q

What is GABA synthesized from?

A

Glutamate

81
Q

How is GABA terminated?

A

Reuptake

82
Q

Endorphins

A

Endorphins are peptides (small proteins) that bind to opioid receptors in the central nervous system. An endorphin is a type of neurotransmitter.

83
Q

What do endorphins do?

A

1) endogenous opiates
2) Inhibitory metabotropic receptors

84
Q

What is muscarinic?

A

Smooth muslces

Medications and Behavior (40 decks)

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