Psychopharmacology Final Flashcards
What is the lifetime prevalence of substance use disorder?
18%
What is the lifetime prevalence of the use of illicit drugs>
46%
Are all drugs that cause dependence addictive?
No
What does drug addiction imply?
dependency
Addiction is the consequence of what?
specific neural adaptations resulting from the use of drugs that affect dopamine activity in the mesolimbic and mesocortical systems.
How does addiction to alcohol develop?
gradually or abruptly
What other disorders is alcoholism comorbid with?
depression, bipolar, and anxiety
Is substance abuse treatment successful on the first attempt?
No
Does the DSM-5 make a distinction between drug dependence and addiction?
No
What has the term addiction been replaced with?
the degree of impairment caused by drug and if tolerance or withdrawal symptoms are present.
Can an individual be dependent on a substance and not have a disorder?
Yes
Reward pathway
A pathway of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmentum area (VTA) and projecting to the nulceus accumbens and prefrontal cortex.
What does the reward pathway effect?
Foods based on caloric value, sexual partners
With whom and when did investigation of reward pathways originate?
James Olds and Peter Milner in 1954
Where is the septum located?
centrally, deep below the basal ganglia and adjacent to the nucleus accumbens.
What does the Latin term nucleus accumbens septi mean?
nucleus leaning against the septum
What is the bundle of axons that project from the VTA to the NA called?
Medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
What comprises the mesolimbic system?
VTA, MFB, Septum, and nucleus accumbens?
Electrical stimulation increases dopamine availability where?
VTA and NA`
Addiction may dependent on what?
on how quickly it increases dopamine in the mesolimbic area.
What is a useful tool to predict a drugs liability for addiction?
Self-administration in animals
What determines how euphoric a drug is?
How rapidly it enters the brain.
There is a what relationship between a drug’s subjective euphoric effects and reinforcing effects?
Weak
What recent hypothesis is there for addictive liability?
That a drug’s psychomotor and incentive sensitization effects are more closely associated with its addictive potential than its ability to induce euphoria
Psychomotor sensitization
refers to a drug’s potential to increase motor activity ad drug seeking behaviors after repeated administration
Incentive sensitization
An increase in the incentive value of the drug as well as drug-associated cues.
Immediate early genes
proteins that are activated by stimuli that activate intracellular signaling. IEG. may also be activated by certain drugs.
What IEG is expressed in greater amount as cellular activity in response to a drug increases?
c-FOS
What is the process of c-FOS
dopamine - second messenger cAMP - protein kinase (PKA) - CREB protein - CREB binds to DNA - gene for c-FOS synthesis is turned on - RNA -
What produces the greatest change in c-FOS expression?
rapidly injected cocaine
What induces the greatest amount of locomotor activity
rapid cocaine and nicotine delivery
What is a consequence of chronic drug exposure?
downregulation of dopamine receptor availability
What defines addicts?
lack of impulse control, poor judgment, decreased risk aversion, and poor social behavior
What happens to the brains of addicts?
frontal lobe dysfunction and hypo frontality
Is there a cure for drug addiction?
NO
Passive immunization
an immunization method using antibodies that rapidly degrade a molecule or drug by increasing enzyme activity.
Active immunization
results in the stimulation of specific antibodies by the organisms immune system. immunization against flu viruses is active immunization. Active immunization may also be used against specific drugs such as cocaine.
What channel does glutamate AMPA control?
Sodium
what prevents cue-induced reinstatement of drug seeking in animals?
The blockade of glutamate AMPA receptors in the nucleus accumbens and activation of inhibitory glutamate.
What dopamine recpetor plays a significant role in the regulation of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens?
D3
