Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Medications and Behavior > Neuro psych Quiz 9.1-3 > Flashcards

Neuro psych Quiz 9.1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

What does negative feedback do?

A

It reduces discrepancies from a set point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do poikilothermic (ectothermic) animals regulate their body temperature, if at all?

A

They move to a location with a more favorable temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the primary advantage of maintaining a constant high body temperature?

A

It keeps the muscles ready for rapid, prolonged activity even in cold weather.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

If we inserted a probe into the POA/AH and directly heated the area, what if anything would happen?

A

The animal would sweat or pant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When you have an infection, what causes the fever?

A

The immune system increases delivery of prostaglandins and histamine to the POA/AH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which of he following is the most correct description of a fever?

A

Fever is one way by which the body fights against bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

If you lacked vasopressin, how would your drinking change, if at all?

A

You would drink more.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What would happen as a result of adding salt to the body’s extracellular fluids?

A

Increased osmotic thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does hypovolemic thirst differ from osmotic thirst?

A

Someone with hypovolemic thirst prefers slightly salty water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

People differ in their likelihood of consuming milk products in adulthood because of what type of genetic difference?

A

Genetic variants in ability to metabolize lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which of the following describes the relationship between taste and eating?

A

Taste is neither necessary nor sufficient for eating although it contributes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

After surgical removal of someone’s stomach, what mechanism if any can produce satiety?

A

Distension of the duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When food distends the duodenum, the duodenum releases the hormone CCK. By what peripheral mechanism does it increase satiety?

A

CCK tightens the sphincter muscles between the stomach and the duodenum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does the ideas of allostasis differ from homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis is a set of processes that keep certain body variables within a fixed range. Allostasis is an adjustment of that range, increasing it or decreasing it as a circumstance change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the primary advantage of maintaining a constant high body temperature?

A

A constant high body temperature keeps an animal ready for rapid prolonged muscle activity eve in cold weather.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why did mammals evolve a temperature of 37 C (98.6F) instead of some other temperature?

A

Animals gain an advantage in being as warm as possible and therefore as fast as possible. However proteins lose stability at temperatures much above.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the sources of input to the POA/AH

A

The POA/AH receives input from temperatures in the skin the organs and the brain including in the POA/AH itself. It also receives prostaglandins and histamines when the immune system detect an infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How can an animal regulate body temperature after damage to the POA/AH

A

It can regulate temperature through behavior such as by finding a warmer or cooler place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What evidence indicates that fever is an adaptation to fight illness?

A

The body will shiver or sweat to maintain its elevated temperature at a nearly constant level. Also, fish, reptiles, and immature mammals with infections use behavioral means to raise their temperature to a feverish level. Furthermore, a moderate fever inhibits bacterial grown and increases the probability of surviving abacterial infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

If you lacked vasopressin would you drink like a beaver or like a gerbil? Why?

A

You would have to drink more like a beaver. You would excrete much fluid so you would need to drink an equal amount to replace it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Would adding salt to the body’s extracellular fluids increase or decrease osmotic thirst?

A

It would increase osmotic thirst because it would draw water from the cells into the extracellular spaces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Who would drink more pure water- someone with osmotic thirst or someone with hypovolemic thirst?

A

Someone with osmotic thirst. Someone with hypovolemic thirst would drink more of a solution containing salts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What genetic difference is most important for variants in likelihood of drinking milk in adulthood?

A

It depends largely on a gene that controls the ability to digest lactose, the main sugar in milk.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What evidence indicates that taste is not sufficient for satiety?

A

Because animals that shamefeed chew and taste their food but do not become satiated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What evidence shows that stomach distension is sufficient for satiety?
A cuff is attached to the junction between the stomach and duodenum so that food cannot leave the stomach, an animal becomes satiated when the stomach is full.
26
What are two mechanisms by which CCK increases satiety?
When the duodenum is destended, it releases CCK, which closes the sphincter muscle between the stomach and duodenum. CCK therefore increases the rate at which the stomach distends. Also, neural signals from the intestines cause certain cells in the hypothalamus to release CCK as a neurotransmitter, and as its receptors, triggers decreased feeding.
27
Why do people with very low insulin levels eat so much?
Those with very low levels, as in type 1 diabetes, cannot get glucose to enter their cells, and therefore, they are constantly hungry. They pass much of their nutrition in the urin and feces.
28
Why do people with constantly high levels eat so much?
They deposit much of their glucose into fat and glycogen, so within a short time after a meal, the supply of blood glucose drops.
29
What would happen to someone's appetite if insulin levels and glucagon levels were both high.
When glucose levels rise, stored glycogen is converted to glucose, which enters the blood. If insulin levels are high also, the glucose entering the blood is free to enter all the cells. So the result would be decreased appetite.
30
Why are leptin injections less helpful for most overweight people that for mice with the obese gene.
Nearly all overweight people produce leptin in proportion to body fat. However, they have low sensitivity to it.
31
Name three hormones that increase satiety and one that increases hunger.
1) insulin 2) CCK 3) Leptin 1) Ghrelin increases hunger
32
Which neuropeptide from the arcuate nucleus to the paraventriculate nucleus is most important for satiety?
Melancortin
33
In what ways does the lateral hypothalamus facilitate feeding?
Activity of the lateral hypothalamus improves taste, enhances cortical responses to food, and increases secretions of insulin and digestive juices.
34
In what way does eating increase after damage in and around the ventromedial hypothalamus?
Animals with damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus eat more frequent meals.
35
In what way does eating increase after damage to the paraventricular nucleus?
Animals with damage to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus eat larger meals.
36
Why did the pima begin gaining weight in the mid- 1900s?
They shifted from a diet of local plants that were seasonally available to a calorie rich diet that was available throughout the year.
37
In one study rats eating the less-caloric yogurt gained more wight than those eating the more-caloric type. What explanation was proposed?
The rats unlearned their usual calibration that more sweets mean more energy and therefore stopped compensation after eating other sweets.
38
Homeostasis
balanced internal state. Temperature and other biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range e.g. thermostat
39
Set point
A single value the body works to maintain
40
Allostasis
the adaptive way in which the body anticipates needs, depending on the situation, avoiding errors rather than just correcting them. process by which the body responds to stressors in order to regain homeostasis
41
Basal metabolism
energy used to maintain constant body temperature while at rest. We use about TWICE the amount of energy to do this.
42
Poikilothermic (ectothermic)
Amphibians, reptiles, most fish. They regulate their temperature behaviorally.
43
Homeothermic (endothermic)
Mammals and birds. Use physiological mechanisms to maintain an almost constant body temperature despite large variations in the environmental temp.
44
What is the regular body temp for humans?
37 C or 98.6 F
45
What temperature is a reason for concern in adults?
103
46
What areas in the brain defend physiological changes in body temp?
Hypothalamus... Anterior and preoptic area
47
What part of the hypothalamus is most critical for temp control?
Preoptic area
48
Where does the POA/AH send out put to?
The hindbrain's raphe nucleus
49
Where is the raphe nucleus found?
brainstem
50
Preoptic Area
1) monitors body temp by monitoring its own temp 2) cells in POA receive input from receptors in skin and spinal cord 3) damage to area impairs one's ability to regulate temp
51
Fever
1) increased body temp caused by bacterial and/or viral infections. 2) body's defense against illness.
52
Leukocytes
1) released to attack when bacteria, viruses, and fungi invade. 2) Releases cytokines (protein)
53
Cytokines produces what
Prostaglandin E1 and Prostaglandin E2
54
Prostaglandin E1
Increases body temp
55
Prostaglandin E2
increases sleepiness
56
vascular pressure = what?
Vasopressin
57
How much of the human body does water constitute?
70%
58
What happens when our body needs water?
The posterior Pituitary releases vasopressin which raises B/P and enables kidneys to reabsorb water and secrete highly concentrated urine.
59
Osmotic thirst
draws water from the cells into extracellular fluid
60
What best relieves osmotic thirst?
water
61
OVLT
responsible for detecting osmotic thirst/pressure
62
Hypovolemic thirst
Based on low volume of blood when B/P and blood volume are too low - blood can't carry enough water and nutrients to cell.
63
What two ways can the body detect blood loss?
1) Baroreceptors 2) SFO (subfornical organ)
64
Baroreceptors
Attach to a large veins which detect the pressure of blood returning to the heart
65
SFO
Adjoining the third ventricle
66
What happens when blood volume drops?
kidneys release renin which converts to Angiotensin 2 which constricts blood vessels and compensates for the drop in blood pressure.
67
What best relieves Hypovolemic thirst?
Water w/solutes
68
Sodium-Specific Hunger (salty-cravings)
Adrenal glands produce Aldosterone which causes kidneys, salivary glands, and sweat glands to conserve sodium and excrete more water than usual.
69
Aldosterone triggers increased what
preference for salty tastes
70
What does decreased sodium do?
increases blood levels of Angiotensin 2 which increases salt cravings
71
Psalm 41: 1
As the deer pants for water so my soul thirsts after YOU.
72
John 4:14
But whoever drinks of the water I give them will thirst no more
73
Digestive system
mouth, esophagus, stomach, sphincter muscle, intestines - small then large
74
Mouth
food and saliva - contains enzymes to help break down carbohydrates
75
Esophagus
Swallowed food travels down
76
Stomach
Mixed w/hydrochloric acid and enzymes that digest proteins (stores and digests food
77
Sphincter muscle
between stomach and intestines - periodically opens briefly to allow food to enter intestines
78
Small intestine
Main site for absorption of digested foodstuffs into blood.
79
Digested foodstuffs
carried by blood to body cells that use some nutrients and store the excess fat, glycogen and protein. later reserves are converted into glucose
80
Large intestine
Absorbs water and minerals. Lubricates remaining material to pass them as feces.
81
Conditioned taste aversion
Phenomenon if you eat something and gest sick... your brain blames it on the food. (paring food w/illness
82
lactose
Sugar in milk
83
How may adults worldwide cannot tolerate large amounts of milk product? What ethnicity and why?
2/3 and Southeast Asians bc of a recessive gene
84
A full stomach tells the brain it is satisfied by...
the vagus nerve (vranial nerve X) and splanchic nerve
85
Vagus nerve
conveys info to brain about stomach walls stretching (satiety)
86
Splanchinc nerves
(celiac plexus (bundle of nerves) in the abdominal cavity) carries info to the brain regarding nutrients in stomach
87
Duodenum
part of small intestine where it is connected to the stomach. 1st digestive site that absorbs significant amounts of nutrients.
88
What hormone does the duodenum release to inhibit appetite?
CCK Cholecystoinin
89
What does the amount of glucose the cells receive depend on?
Insulin and glucagon
90
Insulin
enables glucose to enter cells using glucose for energy or storing it as fat or glycogen
91
glucagon
stimulates the liver to convert stored glycogen to glucose, thus raising blood glucose levels
92
diabetes
blood glucose levels are too high
93
After we eat
insulin levels rise increase of glucose entering cells appetite decreases insulin reaches brain and acts as a satiety hormone
94
As time goes on
blood glucose levels fall pancreas releases more glucagon and less insulin less glucose enters cells hunger increases
95
obese people
produce more insulin insulin causes more food to be stored as fat appetite returns soon after meal
96
lateral Hypothalamus
important area for control or feeding lesion in this area leads to undereateing
97
VMH ventromedial hypothalamus
lesion in this area leads to overeating/weight gain
98
What is needed for weight loss?
change of lifestyle. increase exercise decrease eating
99
How do must diet drugs cause weight loss?
by stimulating serotinin recpetors
100
Anorexia
elevated levels of cortisol (same as depressed people)
101
Anorexia
elevated levels of cortisol (same as depressed people)
102
Bulimia
elevated levels of YY and PYY. lower levels of CCK

Medications and Behavior (40 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions