Criminal Investigation Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Forensic science
A
draws from diverse disciplines such as geology, physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics to study physical evidence related to crime.
2
Q
Henry Fielding
A
- chief magistrate of Bow Street
- improved administration of justice
- established the Bow Street Runners
- father of the English novel
3
Q
Bow Street Runners
A
Group of volunteer, nonuniformed home owners to take thieves.
4
Q
Who was the first modern detective force?
A
The Bow Street Runners
5
Q
John Fielding
A
- Henry Fielding’s blind half brother
- carried Henry’s ideas for 25 yrs after death
6
Q
Sir Robert Peel
A
- helped to create first metropolitan police force in London
- Police named Bobbies after him
- served as England’s prime minister twice
7
Q
Metropolitan Police Act
A
1829 passage of law by Parliament to create the first metropolitan police force in London (headquarters Scotland Yard
8
Q
Bobbies
A
Police constables nickname based on Robert Peel
9
Q
Scotland Yard
A
Name of police headquarters because Scottish royalty had lived there
10
Q
London Metropolitan Police
A
- had many dismissals to show seriousness
- won a reputation for fairness
- Became international model of professional policing
11
Q
Police Spies
A
plain clothed detectives that people had a fear of them reducing civil liberties
12
Q
Sergeant Popay
A
dismissed in 1833 from Metropolitan Police because he had infiltrated a radical group, become a leader, and argued for use of violence
13
Q
When was a regular detective branch open at Scotland Yard?
A
1842
14
Q
Stephen Girard
A
- gave Philadelphia money to develop a competent police force
15
Q
Where was America’s first paid, daylight police force established?
A
Philadelphia
16
Q
Where was America’s first unified police force established?
A
New York 1844
17
Q
Allan Pinkerton
A
- formed the major private detective agency of the 19th century
- worked as Chicago detective
- Called Pinkerton
18
Q
Where was the first recorded private detective agency
A
St. Louis police officers in 1946
19
Q
2 Pinkerton focuses
A
1) controlling a discontented working class, which was pushing for better wages and working conditions
2) Pursuing bank and railroad robbers
(prevented assassination of Lincoln)
20
Q
Rouges gallery
A
Photographs of known offenders arranged by criminal specialty and height by New York police officers
21
Q
Mulberry Street Morning Parade
A
- Instituted by Thomas Byrnes
- When all criminals arrested in past 24 hrs are paraded at 9 am in front of detectives
22
Q
National Academy
A
Started by FBI in 1935 as a training course or state and local police
23
Q
Due Process Revolution
A
- Time frame from 1961 -1966 where the Supreme Court became unusually active in hearing cases involving rights
- Focused on two types of rights
- Search and seizure
- Legal representation
24
Q
Who wrote the first major book describing the application of scientific disciplines to criminal investigations?
A
Hans Gross
25
Who established the first forensic laboratory and where?
- Edmond Locard
- Lyon
26
Locard's exchange principal
- when perpetrators come into contact with the scene, they will leave something of themselves and take away something from the scene
27
Biometrics
- methods of analyzing biological data
- derived from Greek and means life measurement.
- 3 approaches
1) anthropometry
2) dactylography
3) deoxyribonucleic acid typing
28
Who developed Alphonse Bertillon
- Developed Anthropometry
- father of criminal identification
29
Anthropometry
- first method of criminal investigation thought to be reliable
- the idea that every human being differs from every other one in the exact measurements of their body and that the sum of these measurements yields a characteristic formula for each individuals
30
Dactylography
- study of fingerprints
- scientifically first used in 1684
- first used to identify a thief in a crime in 1880
31
Sir Francis Galton
- published first definitive book on dactylography
32
Juan Vucetich
- Published book on his methods of fingerprint classification
33
The West Case
most important incident to advance the use of fingerprints in the U.S.
34
When was the first time DNA was used in a criminal case?
- In 1987 in England
- In Enderby
- Victims were Lynda Mann and Dawn Ashworth
- Perp was Colin Pitchfork
35
When was the first time DNA was used in a criminal investigation
- 1986 Orlando Florida
36
When was the first genetic fingerprinting of plant evidence
- 1992 palo verde seed pod case in Pheonix Arizona
37
Henry Goddard
- one of the last of the Bow Street Runners
- first to successfully attempt to identify a murderer from a bullet recovered from a body
38
Calvin Goddard
most responsible for raising firearms identification to a science and for perfecting the bullet-comparison microscope
39
Albert Osborn
wrote a book still regarded as definitive
40
Leone Lattes
developed a procedure in 1915 that permits blood typing from a dried bloodstain
41
August Vollmer
helped produce the first workable polygraph
42
Paul Kirk
Helped establish a book known as the standard of the day
43
Touch DNA
- can be seen or not seen
- Can stay for 2 - 6 weeks
44
Phenotyping
provides a genomic-based probabilistic estimation of an image of a person
45
National Crime Information Center (NCIC)
- made operational by FBI in 1967
- provides data on wanted persons and property stolen from all 50 states
46
Substantive Criminal Law
deals with elements that describe and define a crime.
47
Procedural Criminal Law
defines what can or cannot be done with, or to, people.
48
Due Process Claus
- found in 5th amendment
- protects against deprivation of life, liberty, and property
49
Brady violation
failing to disclose evidence that is exculpatory
50
3 Ingredients of Arrest
1) Intention
2) Authority
3) Custody
51
14th Amendment
equal protection under the law
52
4th Amendment
protects people from unreasonable searches and seizures by the GOVERNMENT
53
Detention
A temporary and limited interference with the freedom of a person for investigative purposes
54
Stop and Frisk
pat down of clothing and questioning that does not count as a detention
55
Charging
- Does not flow from arrest
- the decision to prosecute
56
4 Situations when most jurisdictions allow arrest
1) A warrant has been issued
2) Crime is committed in presence of officer
3) Officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect has committed a felony
4) Statutorily created instances
57
Arrest warrant
a judicial order commanding a person to bring in another person to answer to criminal charges
58
Affidavit
- Manditory for a warrant
- written statement by officer
59
Probable cause
More than a suspicion but less than actual knowledge (suspicion plus circumstance
60
Search and seizure
- Due Process and 14th Amendment
61
Legal searches and seizures when
1) a warrant has been issued
2) With consent
3) incident to an arrest
4) of a motor vehicle
5) Emergency (exigent circumstances)
6) to conduct an inventory
62
Search warrant
a written order, exercising power to search a place
63
Exigent circumstances
exception to a warrantless entry when there is a compelling reason
64
Crime
Omission or commission of a prohibited act
65
Felony
punishable by prison for a year or more and the death penalty
66
Misdemeanor
lesser offense punishable by fine (not more than 500) and/or imprisonment for no more than a year.
67
Violation
punishable by fine no more tha 250
68
Inductive Reasoning
moves from specific details to a general view
69
Deductive reasoning
creates a hypothesis about the crime. General to specific
70
Preliminary investigation
actions taken by the first officer to arrive on scene of a crime after detection and reporting
71
Follow-up Investigation
police effort expended after the initial incident report is completed until the case is ready for prosecution
72
Field Notes
notes about the condition and placement of people and things at the scene
73
What is a crucial element of preliminary investigation
crime scene control
74
APB
All points Bulletin
75
BOLO
Be On the Look Out
76
Chain of custody
witnessed, unbroken, written chronological history of who had the evidence when.
77
Incident/offense report
report filled out by officer assigned to a call on his or her part of investigation
78
Locard's exchange principle
something is taken with and something is left
79
Crime scene
location where the offense was committed
80
Primary Scene
location where initial offense was committed
81
Secondary Scenes
locations of all subsequent connected events
82
Macroscopic Scene
the large view such as locations, bodies, cars, and buildings
83
Microscopic Scene
consists of specific objects and pieces of evidence that are associated with the crime such as knives, bite marks, hairs, fibers etc.
84
Corpus Delicti Evidence
substantiates evidence that is demonstrated to have occurred to prove a case
85
Associative evidence
biderectional in that it connects the perpetrator to the scene or victim, or connects scene or victim to suspect.
86
Tracing Evidence
Has the goal of identification and location of the suspect
87
Trace Evidence
Extremely small or limited amounts of evidence. Can be microscopic
88
Alternative light systems (ALSs)
light that causes evidence to fluoresce
89
Trace-evidence vacuums
helpful in locating and securing evidence without contamination
90
Elimination prints
comparing prints to eliminate people
91
Different types of documentation
1) crime scene entry log
2) Administrative log
3) Assignment sheet
4) Incidence/offense report
5) Photographic logs
6) Rough sketch of crime scene
7) Evidence recovery log
8) Emergency Medical personnel documents
9) Lifted-prints log
92
Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
pathogen present in body fluids. Can be transmitted through sex and drug needles
93
PPE
Personal Protection Equipment
94
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Made it illegal to discriminate against an otherwise qualified employee
95
5 basic Crime Scene Search patterns
1) spiral
2) Strip/line search
3) Grid search
4) zone/quadrant search
5) pie/wheel search
96
Crime Scene Release
The release of a crime scene to whom it belongs
97
3 main ways to document a crime scene
1) Photography
2) digital videography
3) Crime scene sketching and forensic mapping
98
2 types of crime scene sketches
1) rough sketches
2) smooth or finished sketches
99
Forensic Mapping
process of taking and recording the precise measurements of items of evidence to be drawn or fixed
100
Common methods of forensic mapping
1) rectangular coordination
2) triangulation
3) baseline coordinates
4) polar coordinates
5) the grid system
101
Rectangular Coordinates
best method to use with scenes having clear and specific boundaries
102
Triangulation
Useful for interior scenes of buildings and outdoor scenes where measurements must spring from distinct permanent features or landmarks
103
Baseline coordinates
drawing a straight line on the floor between two fixed points
104
Polar coordinates
good for outdoors but not a heavily forested areas
105
A grid system
good for outdoor scene without significant details
106
Panoramic camera
provides an unbroken continuous view of the area that encircles it
107
2 ways an investigation is closed
1) Cleared by exceptional means
2) Cleared by arrest (does not mean conviction)
108
Class Characteristics
characteristics of physical evidence that are common to a group or object
109
Individualistic characteristics
evidence that can be identified with a high degree of probability as originating with a particular person or source
110
Forensic palynology
studies pollen and spores
111
Types of impression evidence
1) Surface Impressions
2) three-Dimensional Impressions
112
Surface impressions
two dimensional prints and have no height
113
Three Dimensional Impressions
Prints that have significant depth foudn in things such as soil, sand, snow
114
Ways to preserve three dimensional impressions
1) Dental Stone
2) Casting in Snow with Dental Stone
3) Casting in Snow with Sulfur
115
Paint Data Query (PDQ)
global automotive paint database
116
FBI National Automotive Paint File
records of original manufacturer finishes of paint on cars
117
Fracture match
A match between a questioned an known source of paint
118
Concentric Fracture
lines in glass that move in a circle
119
Radial Fracture
moves away from the point of impact
120
Fingerprints
Can be found on palms, fingers, toes, heals. When the ridges on these places leave a pattern
121
Minutia
Friction ridges
122
Ridges
Raised portion of the finger skin
123
Furrows
The low area between the ridges
124
What is the most common type of Fingerprint?
Loops (60 - 65%)
125
What is the least common type of fingerprint?
Arches (5%)
126
What are the three main type of fingerprints?
1) Loop
2) Whorls
3) Arches
127
How many points of agreement are there in the U.S.
8 to 12
128
Plastic Prints
finger impressions left in pliable, soft surfaces such as wax, soap, wet paint, fresh caulk, putty, and explosives
129
Latent Prints
an invisible print or one found on evidence
130
Patent prints
may be visible or latent. Transference of dirt or something to a surface or object
131
Porous surfaces
makes print durable and liklihood of getting usable prints high
132
Nonporous
prints on smooth or soft surface. prints can last a long time
133
Double swab
Used before any attempts to develop an LFP.
134
Forensic odontology
intersection of dentistry with criminal and civil law
135
Uses of forensic odontology
1) identifying missing/ unidentified persons
2) Recognition and analysis of bite marks
3) Recognition and evaluation of orofacial trauma in victims of violence
4) Identifying mass casualties of attacks and natural industrial disasters
136
What have forensic dentists established individual identity on
smiling photographs
137
Avulsed Bite
bite so powerful a portion of the body is detached
138
Cheiloscopy
The use of lip prints which are unique to a person as individual characteristics in a criminal investigation
139
Luminal
Water based spray that locates blood within 30 seconds but does not distinguish between animal and human blood. Turns blue
140
Hemident
Does not distinquish between human and animal blood. dark blue/green.
141
Hexagon OBTI
Distinguishes between human and animal blood. shows sensitivity to primates
142
Rifling
pistols and rifles have these. Not smooth bore weapon
143
Caliber
Diameter of bullet
144
Bore
Diameter of barrels's interionr
145
lands
Oposing high sides of a bore
146
Grooves
low side of the barrel's interior
147
Questioned document
document whose origin or authenticity is in doubt
148
The 4 C's of being a good LE
1) Courage
2) Compassion
3) Commitment
149
2 Peter 3:14 - 18
Beware and be ready bc there is evil in the world
150
Should every death require a criminal investigation?
Yes, especially if unattended.
151
What is the fundamental purpose of an investigator's job?
to discover the truth
- systematically gather evidence
- gather info
152
Jurisdiction
geographical area where LE has responsibility/ laws agency is responsible for
153
Who said the police are the people and the people are the police
Robert Peel
154
Springfield bus crash
- Hermanio Joseph crashed into Bus (with kids on it)
- involuntary Manslaughter
- Vehicular Homicide
155
William Herschel
Noted Fingerprints don't change in 1850s - 1970s
156
Henry Faulds (1990)
first time fingerprints were used to identify a thief in a crime
157
Identical twins have matching DNA but not...
matching fingerprints
158
When was DNA first discovered
1868
159
When was it first found useful for crimes?
1987 in Enderby Case
160
When was DNA first used to solve a case in the U.S.
1987 Orlando case
161
Professor Lacossagne
Identified grooves on a bullet in a vic and matched to weapon
162
Brady v. Maryland
Estalished that prosecution must turn over all exonerating evidence to defense
- exculpatory evidence
- Brady Material
163
4th amendment
- protects against unreasonable search/seizure
- no warrant w/out probable cause
164
Chimel v. California (1969)
- officer cannot search entire home when arresting w/out warrant
- can search immediate(grabbable) area w/out warrant
165
Arrest Ingredients
- Intention
- Authority
- Custody
166
Arrest
taking custody upon sufficient and proper evidence for purpose of prosecution
167
Are arrest warrant the preffered method of arrest?
Nah Meacham says no
168
Ferguson Effect
Increase in violent crime rates in community caused by reduced proactive police because of distrust and hostility
169
Weaks v. United States
- Established Federal Exlusionary Rule
- evidence illegally obtained by Feds is not permissible
- created silver platter doctrine
170
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
- Established any evidence unreasonably searched and seized would no longer be admissible in any court
- got rid of Siler Platter Doctrine
171
1961
- Exclusionary Rule applicable in ALL courts
- no standard for reasonable or unreasonable
172
Ker v. California (1963)
- Judges free to determine reasonableness
- 4th issue
- evidence allowed without warrant bc of intent to arrest.
- allowed to search house bc of exigent circumstance and narcotics
173
times when searches can be made
- with warrant
- consent
- incident to arrest
- of a motor vehicle
- emergency or exigent circumstances
- to conduct an inventory
174
Schmerber v. California (1966)
- driving while intoxicated
- wrecked vehicle
- took blood from driver
- physical evidence admissible
- NOT 5TH violation
175
Maryland v. Buie (1990)
- 2 men robbed pizza place
- warrant obtained
- found man in basement
-looked for second man
- found red suit in plain sight
- reasonable under 4th bc of danger in house of ambush
176
Dyson v. Maryland
- does 4th require search warrant b4 searching a vehicle if they have PC to belive drugs are in it?
- No
- Clarrifies Carrol v. U.S.
177
Carrol v. U.S.
- 1st decision aknowledging automobile exception
- do not need warrant bc moveable vehicle
178
New York v. Belon (1981)
- clarifies Carrol v. U.S.
-
179
U.S. V. Ross (1982)
- Clarrifies Carrol v. U.S.
180
Thornton v. United States (2004)
- Exception to 4th when person is arrested
181
Warden v. Hayden (1967)
- Robbery
- Cops informed and allowed in by wife
- Hayden pretending to be asleep and officers find clothes matching description
- also found shotgun and pistol in flush tank
- Can/should clothing be allowed as evidence
- Yes
- 4th does not create disitnction between types of evidecne
- 4th protects privacy
182
Bringham City v. Stuart
- LE can enter w/out warrant when there is objectively reasonable basis that someone is injured or will be
183
Michigan v. Fisher
- Emergency aid exception
- do not need iron- clad proof of emergency
- warrantless entry justified
184
South Dakota v. Opperman (1976)
- Car was towed
- Inventoried
- Marijuana found
- Dmissable becaue
- protection of owners property
- protection against claims on police
- protction of public
185
Plain view Searches
- allowed if
- officer is lawfully in place and item is in plain view = legal to seize
186
United states v. Oliver
- Open field doctrine
- Found MJ
- in place lawfully w/out warrant
187
Danielo Calvacadi
- escaped convict
- found and bitten by dog
188
Patience
the capacity to accept or tolerate delay, trouble, or sufering without getting angry/upset
189
Essential qualities of an investigator
- wide range of contacts
- learn sometihng from everyone
- can win confidence
- can converse with anyone from a wide range of people
190
Actions of first on scene
- provide emergency assistance
- Capture Suspects
- Secure crime Scene
191
3 Major Functions of Crime Scene Investigtion
- Overall coordination of scene
- Forensic services
- Investigative Services
192
Coordination of the scene is filtered through what?
Command Post - Lead Desk
193
Senior Investigator
- responsible over scene
- Conducts visual inspection
- Coordinates work at scene
- Ensures contiuous flow of info
- between for members of team as info is obtained
194
ICS - Incident Command Post
- Identify objectives
- Set up
195
Function of Forensic Services
- Carying out identifications, documentation collection, marking, packaging, and transmission of physical evidence to lab or locker
196
Chain of Command
- Super Intendent/ Chief
- Major
- Captain
- Lieutenant
- Sergeant
- Troopers
197
Span of control
Number of personnel or units supervised by particular commander
198
Who is criminal investigations primarily conducted by?
- Troopers
- BCI investigators
- BCI Senior INvestigators
199
Most Felonies and Deaths are turned over to...
BCI
200
Rules for Crime Scene Investigation
1) Maintain Control
2) Conceptualize Events
3) Proceed with caution
4) Apply Inclusiveness
5) Maintain documentation
201
Death Investigation Categories
- Natural
- Homicide
- Suicide
- Accidental
- Undetermined
202
Proberbs 17:15
Acquitting guilty and condemning innocent the Lord detests them Both
203
Soil Evidence
Found on tires, shoe bottoms, pant cuffs
impressions are often found in soil ( shoes/tires)
204
Can you tell if a perosn was a smoker from blood?
Yes
205
