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Medications and Behavior > Criminal Investigation Exam 1 > Flashcards

Criminal Investigation Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Forensic science

A

draws from diverse disciplines such as geology, physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics to study physical evidence related to crime.

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2
Q

Henry Fielding

A
  • chief magistrate of Bow Street
  • improved administration of justice
  • established the Bow Street Runners
  • father of the English novel
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3
Q

Bow Street Runners

A

Group of volunteer, nonuniformed home owners to take thieves.

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4
Q

Who was the first modern detective force?

A

The Bow Street Runners

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5
Q

John Fielding

A
  • Henry Fielding’s blind half brother
  • carried Henry’s ideas for 25 yrs after death
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6
Q

Sir Robert Peel

A
  • helped to create first metropolitan police force in London
  • Police named Bobbies after him
  • served as England’s prime minister twice
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7
Q

Metropolitan Police Act

A

1829 passage of law by Parliament to create the first metropolitan police force in London (headquarters Scotland Yard

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8
Q

Bobbies

A

Police constables nickname based on Robert Peel

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9
Q

Scotland Yard

A

Name of police headquarters because Scottish royalty had lived there

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10
Q

London Metropolitan Police

A
  • had many dismissals to show seriousness
  • won a reputation for fairness
  • Became international model of professional policing
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11
Q

Police Spies

A

plain clothed detectives that people had a fear of them reducing civil liberties

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12
Q

Sergeant Popay

A

dismissed in 1833 from Metropolitan Police because he had infiltrated a radical group, become a leader, and argued for use of violence

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13
Q

When was a regular detective branch open at Scotland Yard?

A

1842

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14
Q

Stephen Girard

A
  • gave Philadelphia money to develop a competent police force
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15
Q

Where was America’s first paid, daylight police force established?

A

Philadelphia

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16
Q

Where was America’s first unified police force established?

A

New York 1844

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17
Q

Allan Pinkerton

A
  • formed the major private detective agency of the 19th century
  • worked as Chicago detective
  • Called Pinkerton
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18
Q

Where was the first recorded private detective agency

A

St. Louis police officers in 1946

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19
Q

2 Pinkerton focuses

A

1) controlling a discontented working class, which was pushing for better wages and working conditions
2) Pursuing bank and railroad robbers
(prevented assassination of Lincoln)

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20
Q

Rouges gallery

A

Photographs of known offenders arranged by criminal specialty and height by New York police officers

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21
Q

Mulberry Street Morning Parade

A
  • Instituted by Thomas Byrnes
  • When all criminals arrested in past 24 hrs are paraded at 9 am in front of detectives
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22
Q

National Academy

A

Started by FBI in 1935 as a training course or state and local police

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23
Q

Due Process Revolution

A
  • Time frame from 1961 -1966 where the Supreme Court became unusually active in hearing cases involving rights
  • Focused on two types of rights
  • Search and seizure
  • Legal representation
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24
Q

Who wrote the first major book describing the application of scientific disciplines to criminal investigations?

A

Hans Gross

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25
Q

Who established the first forensic laboratory and where?

A
  • Edmond Locard
  • Lyon
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26
Q

Locard’s exchange principal

A
  • when perpetrators come into contact with the scene, they will leave something of themselves and take away something from the scene
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27
Q

Biometrics

A
  • methods of analyzing biological data
  • derived from Greek and means life measurement.
  • 3 approaches
    1) anthropometry
    2) dactylography
    3) deoxyribonucleic acid typing
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28
Q

Who developed Alphonse Bertillon

A
  • Developed Anthropometry
  • father of criminal identification
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29
Q

Anthropometry

A
  • first method of criminal investigation thought to be reliable
  • the idea that every human being differs from every other one in the exact measurements of their body and that the sum of these measurements yields a characteristic formula for each individuals
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30
Q

Dactylography

A
  • study of fingerprints
  • scientifically first used in 1684
  • first used to identify a thief in a crime in 1880
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31
Q

Sir Francis Galton

A
  • published first definitive book on dactylography
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32
Q

Juan Vucetich

A
  • Published book on his methods of fingerprint classification
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33
Q

The West Case

A

most important incident to advance the use of fingerprints in the U.S.

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34
Q

When was the first time DNA was used in a criminal case?

A
  • In 1987 in England
  • In Enderby
  • Victims were Lynda Mann and Dawn Ashworth
  • Perp was Colin Pitchfork
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35
Q

When was the first time DNA was used in a criminal investigation

A
  • 1986 Orlando Florida
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36
Q

When was the first genetic fingerprinting of plant evidence

A
  • 1992 palo verde seed pod case in Pheonix Arizona
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37
Q

Henry Goddard

A
  • one of the last of the Bow Street Runners
  • first to successfully attempt to identify a murderer from a bullet recovered from a body
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38
Q

Calvin Goddard

A

most responsible for raising firearms identification to a science and for perfecting the bullet-comparison microscope

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39
Q

Albert Osborn

A

wrote a book still regarded as definitive

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40
Q

Leone Lattes

A

developed a procedure in 1915 that permits blood typing from a dried bloodstain

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41
Q

August Vollmer

A

helped produce the first workable polygraph

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42
Q

Paul Kirk

A

Helped establish a book known as the standard of the day

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43
Q

Touch DNA

A
  • can be seen or not seen
  • Can stay for 2 - 6 weeks
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44
Q

Phenotyping

A

provides a genomic-based probabilistic estimation of an image of a person

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45
Q

National Crime Information Center (NCIC)

A
  • made operational by FBI in 1967
  • provides data on wanted persons and property stolen from all 50 states
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46
Q

Substantive Criminal Law

A

deals with elements that describe and define a crime.

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47
Q

Procedural Criminal Law

A

defines what can or cannot be done with, or to, people.

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48
Q

Due Process Claus

A
  • found in 5th amendment
  • protects against deprivation of life, liberty, and property
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49
Q

Brady violation

A

failing to disclose evidence that is exculpatory

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50
Q

3 Ingredients of Arrest

A

1) Intention
2) Authority
3) Custody

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51
Q

14th Amendment

A

equal protection under the law

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52
Q

4th Amendment

A

protects people from unreasonable searches and seizures by the GOVERNMENT

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53
Q

Detention

A

A temporary and limited interference with the freedom of a person for investigative purposes

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54
Q

Stop and Frisk

A

pat down of clothing and questioning that does not count as a detention

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55
Q

Charging

A
  • Does not flow from arrest
  • the decision to prosecute
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56
Q

4 Situations when most jurisdictions allow arrest

A

1) A warrant has been issued
2) Crime is committed in presence of officer
3) Officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect has committed a felony
4) Statutorily created instances

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57
Q

Arrest warrant

A

a judicial order commanding a person to bring in another person to answer to criminal charges

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58
Q

Affidavit

A
  • Manditory for a warrant
  • written statement by officer
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59
Q

Probable cause

A

More than a suspicion but less than actual knowledge (suspicion plus circumstance

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60
Q

Search and seizure

A
  • Due Process and 14th Amendment
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61
Q

Legal searches and seizures when

A

1) a warrant has been issued
2) With consent
3) incident to an arrest
4) of a motor vehicle
5) Emergency (exigent circumstances)
6) to conduct an inventory

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62
Q

Search warrant

A

a written order, exercising power to search a place

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63
Q

Exigent circumstances

A

exception to a warrantless entry when there is a compelling reason

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64
Q

Crime

A

Omission or commission of a prohibited act

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65
Q

Felony

A

punishable by prison for a year or more and the death penalty

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66
Q

Misdemeanor

A

lesser offense punishable by fine (not more than 500) and/or imprisonment for no more than a year.

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67
Q

Violation

A

punishable by fine no more tha 250

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68
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

moves from specific details to a general view

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69
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

creates a hypothesis about the crime. General to specific

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70
Q

Preliminary investigation

A

actions taken by the first officer to arrive on scene of a crime after detection and reporting

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71
Q

Follow-up Investigation

A

police effort expended after the initial incident report is completed until the case is ready for prosecution

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72
Q

Field Notes

A

notes about the condition and placement of people and things at the scene

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73
Q

What is a crucial element of preliminary investigation

A

crime scene control

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74
Q

APB

A

All points Bulletin

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75
Q

BOLO

A

Be On the Look Out

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76
Q

Chain of custody

A

witnessed, unbroken, written chronological history of who had the evidence when.

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77
Q

Incident/offense report

A

report filled out by officer assigned to a call on his or her part of investigation

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78
Q

Locard’s exchange principle

A

something is taken with and something is left

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79
Q

Crime scene

A

location where the offense was committed

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80
Q

Primary Scene

A

location where initial offense was committed

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81
Q

Secondary Scenes

A

locations of all subsequent connected events

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82
Q

Macroscopic Scene

A

the large view such as locations, bodies, cars, and buildings

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83
Q

Microscopic Scene

A

consists of specific objects and pieces of evidence that are associated with the crime such as knives, bite marks, hairs, fibers etc.

84
Q

Corpus Delicti Evidence

A

substantiates evidence that is demonstrated to have occurred to prove a case

85
Q

Associative evidence

A

biderectional in that it connects the perpetrator to the scene or victim, or connects scene or victim to suspect.

86
Q

Tracing Evidence

A

Has the goal of identification and location of the suspect

87
Q

Trace Evidence

A

Extremely small or limited amounts of evidence. Can be microscopic

88
Q

Alternative light systems (ALSs)

A

light that causes evidence to fluoresce

89
Q

Trace-evidence vacuums

A

helpful in locating and securing evidence without contamination

90
Q

Elimination prints

A

comparing prints to eliminate people

91
Q

Different types of documentation

A

1) crime scene entry log
2) Administrative log
3) Assignment sheet
4) Incidence/offense report
5) Photographic logs
6) Rough sketch of crime scene
7) Evidence recovery log
8) Emergency Medical personnel documents
9) Lifted-prints log

92
Q

Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

pathogen present in body fluids. Can be transmitted through sex and drug needles

93
Q

PPE

A

Personal Protection Equipment

94
Q

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

A

Made it illegal to discriminate against an otherwise qualified employee

95
Q

5 basic Crime Scene Search patterns

A

1) spiral
2) Strip/line search
3) Grid search
4) zone/quadrant search
5) pie/wheel search

96
Q

Crime Scene Release

A

The release of a crime scene to whom it belongs

97
Q

3 main ways to document a crime scene

A

1) Photography
2) digital videography
3) Crime scene sketching and forensic mapping

98
Q

2 types of crime scene sketches

A

1) rough sketches
2) smooth or finished sketches

99
Q

Forensic Mapping

A

process of taking and recording the precise measurements of items of evidence to be drawn or fixed

100
Q

Common methods of forensic mapping

A

1) rectangular coordination
2) triangulation
3) baseline coordinates
4) polar coordinates
5) the grid system

101
Q

Rectangular Coordinates

A

best method to use with scenes having clear and specific boundaries

102
Q

Triangulation

A

Useful for interior scenes of buildings and outdoor scenes where measurements must spring from distinct permanent features or landmarks

103
Q

Baseline coordinates

A

drawing a straight line on the floor between two fixed points

104
Q

Polar coordinates

A

good for outdoors but not a heavily forested areas

105
Q

A grid system

A

good for outdoor scene without significant details

106
Q

Panoramic camera

A

provides an unbroken continuous view of the area that encircles it

107
Q

2 ways an investigation is closed

A

1) Cleared by exceptional means
2) Cleared by arrest (does not mean conviction)

108
Q

Class Characteristics

A

characteristics of physical evidence that are common to a group or object

109
Q

Individualistic characteristics

A

evidence that can be identified with a high degree of probability as originating with a particular person or source

110
Q

Forensic palynology

A

studies pollen and spores

111
Q

Types of impression evidence

A

1) Surface Impressions
2) three-Dimensional Impressions

112
Q

Surface impressions

A

two dimensional prints and have no height

113
Q

Three Dimensional Impressions

A

Prints that have significant depth foudn in things such as soil, sand, snow

114
Q

Ways to preserve three dimensional impressions

A

1) Dental Stone
2) Casting in Snow with Dental Stone
3) Casting in Snow with Sulfur

115
Q

Paint Data Query (PDQ)

A

global automotive paint database

116
Q

FBI National Automotive Paint File

A

records of original manufacturer finishes of paint on cars

117
Q

Fracture match

A

A match between a questioned an known source of paint

118
Q

Concentric Fracture

A

lines in glass that move in a circle

119
Q

Radial Fracture

A

moves away from the point of impact

120
Q

Fingerprints

A

Can be found on palms, fingers, toes, heals. When the ridges on these places leave a pattern

121
Q

Minutia

A

Friction ridges

122
Q

Ridges

A

Raised portion of the finger skin

123
Q

Furrows

A

The low area between the ridges

124
Q

What is the most common type of Fingerprint?

A

Loops (60 - 65%)

125
Q

What is the least common type of fingerprint?

A

Arches (5%)

126
Q

What are the three main type of fingerprints?

A

1) Loop
2) Whorls
3) Arches

127
Q

How many points of agreement are there in the U.S.

A

8 to 12

128
Q

Plastic Prints

A

finger impressions left in pliable, soft surfaces such as wax, soap, wet paint, fresh caulk, putty, and explosives

129
Q

Latent Prints

A

an invisible print or one found on evidence

130
Q

Patent prints

A

may be visible or latent. Transference of dirt or something to a surface or object

131
Q

Porous surfaces

A

makes print durable and liklihood of getting usable prints high

132
Q

Nonporous

A

prints on smooth or soft surface. prints can last a long time

133
Q

Double swab

A

Used before any attempts to develop an LFP.

134
Q

Forensic odontology

A

intersection of dentistry with criminal and civil law

135
Q

Uses of forensic odontology

A

1) identifying missing/ unidentified persons
2) Recognition and analysis of bite marks
3) Recognition and evaluation of orofacial trauma in victims of violence
4) Identifying mass casualties of attacks and natural industrial disasters

136
Q

What have forensic dentists established individual identity on

A

smiling photographs

137
Q

Avulsed Bite

A

bite so powerful a portion of the body is detached

138
Q

Cheiloscopy

A

The use of lip prints which are unique to a person as individual characteristics in a criminal investigation

139
Q

Luminal

A

Water based spray that locates blood within 30 seconds but does not distinguish between animal and human blood. Turns blue

140
Q

Hemident

A

Does not distinquish between human and animal blood. dark blue/green.

141
Q

Hexagon OBTI

A

Distinguishes between human and animal blood. shows sensitivity to primates

142
Q

Rifling

A

pistols and rifles have these. Not smooth bore weapon

143
Q

Caliber

A

Diameter of bullet

144
Q

Bore

A

Diameter of barrels’s interionr

145
Q

lands

A

Oposing high sides of a bore

146
Q

Grooves

A

low side of the barrel’s interior

147
Q

Questioned document

A

document whose origin or authenticity is in doubt

148
Q

The 4 C’s of being a good LE

A

1) Courage
2) Compassion
3) Commitment

149
Q

2 Peter 3:14 - 18

A

Beware and be ready bc there is evil in the world

150
Q

Should every death require a criminal investigation?

A

Yes, especially if unattended.

151
Q

What is the fundamental purpose of an investigator’s job?

A

to discover the truth
- systematically gather evidence
- gather info

152
Q

Jurisdiction

A

geographical area where LE has responsibility/ laws agency is responsible for

153
Q

Who said the police are the people and the people are the police

A

Robert Peel

154
Q

Springfield bus crash

A
  • Hermanio Joseph crashed into Bus (with kids on it)
  • involuntary Manslaughter
  • Vehicular Homicide
155
Q

William Herschel

A

Noted Fingerprints don’t change in 1850s - 1970s

156
Q

Henry Faulds (1990)

A

first time fingerprints were used to identify a thief in a crime

157
Q

Identical twins have matching DNA but not…

A

matching fingerprints

158
Q

When was DNA first discovered

A

1868

159
Q

When was it first found useful for crimes?

A

1987 in Enderby Case

160
Q

When was DNA first used to solve a case in the U.S.

A

1987 Orlando case

161
Q

Professor Lacossagne

A

Identified grooves on a bullet in a vic and matched to weapon

162
Q

Brady v. Maryland

A

Estalished that prosecution must turn over all exonerating evidence to defense
- exculpatory evidence
- Brady Material

163
Q

4th amendment

A
  • protects against unreasonable search/seizure
  • no warrant w/out probable cause
164
Q

Chimel v. California (1969)

A
  • officer cannot search entire home when arresting w/out warrant
  • can search immediate(grabbable) area w/out warrant
165
Q

Arrest Ingredients

A
  • Intention
  • Authority
  • Custody
166
Q

Arrest

A

taking custody upon sufficient and proper evidence for purpose of prosecution

167
Q

Are arrest warrant the preffered method of arrest?

A

Nah Meacham says no

168
Q

Ferguson Effect

A

Increase in violent crime rates in community caused by reduced proactive police because of distrust and hostility

169
Q

Weaks v. United States

A
  • Established Federal Exlusionary Rule
  • evidence illegally obtained by Feds is not permissible
  • created silver platter doctrine
170
Q

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

A
  • Established any evidence unreasonably searched and seized would no longer be admissible in any court
  • got rid of Siler Platter Doctrine
171
Q

1961

A
  • Exclusionary Rule applicable in ALL courts
  • no standard for reasonable or unreasonable
172
Q

Ker v. California (1963)

A
  • Judges free to determine reasonableness
  • 4th issue
  • evidence allowed without warrant bc of intent to arrest.
  • allowed to search house bc of exigent circumstance and narcotics
173
Q

times when searches can be made

A
  • with warrant
  • consent
  • incident to arrest
  • of a motor vehicle
  • emergency or exigent circumstances
  • to conduct an inventory
174
Q

Schmerber v. California (1966)

A
  • driving while intoxicated
  • wrecked vehicle
  • took blood from driver
  • physical evidence admissible
  • NOT 5TH violation
175
Q

Maryland v. Buie (1990)

A
  • 2 men robbed pizza place
  • warrant obtained
  • found man in basement
    -looked for second man
  • found red suit in plain sight
  • reasonable under 4th bc of danger in house of ambush
176
Q

Dyson v. Maryland

A
  • does 4th require search warrant b4 searching a vehicle if they have PC to belive drugs are in it?
  • No
  • Clarrifies Carrol v. U.S.
177
Q

Carrol v. U.S.

A
  • 1st decision aknowledging automobile exception
  • do not need warrant bc moveable vehicle
178
Q

New York v. Belon (1981)

A
  • ## clarifies Carrol v. U.S.
179
Q

U.S. V. Ross (1982)

A
  • Clarrifies Carrol v. U.S.
180
Q

Thornton v. United States (2004)

A
  • Exception to 4th when person is arrested
181
Q

Warden v. Hayden (1967)

A
  • Robbery
  • Cops informed and allowed in by wife
  • Hayden pretending to be asleep and officers find clothes matching description
  • also found shotgun and pistol in flush tank
  • Can/should clothing be allowed as evidence
  • Yes
  • 4th does not create disitnction between types of evidecne
  • 4th protects privacy
182
Q

Bringham City v. Stuart

A
  • LE can enter w/out warrant when there is objectively reasonable basis that someone is injured or will be
183
Q

Michigan v. Fisher

A
  • Emergency aid exception
  • do not need iron- clad proof of emergency
  • warrantless entry justified
184
Q

South Dakota v. Opperman (1976)

A
  • Car was towed
  • Inventoried
  • Marijuana found
  • Dmissable becaue
  • protection of owners property
  • protection against claims on police
  • protction of public
185
Q

Plain view Searches

A
  • allowed if
  • officer is lawfully in place and item is in plain view = legal to seize
186
Q

United states v. Oliver

A
  • Open field doctrine
  • Found MJ
  • in place lawfully w/out warrant
187
Q

Danielo Calvacadi

A
  • escaped convict
  • found and bitten by dog
188
Q

Patience

A

the capacity to accept or tolerate delay, trouble, or sufering without getting angry/upset

189
Q

Essential qualities of an investigator

A
  • wide range of contacts
  • learn sometihng from everyone
  • can win confidence
  • can converse with anyone from a wide range of people
190
Q

Actions of first on scene

A
  • provide emergency assistance
  • Capture Suspects
  • Secure crime Scene
191
Q

3 Major Functions of Crime Scene Investigtion

A
  • Overall coordination of scene
  • Forensic services
  • Investigative Services
192
Q

Coordination of the scene is filtered through what?

A

Command Post - Lead Desk

193
Q

Senior Investigator

A
  • responsible over scene
  • Conducts visual inspection
  • Coordinates work at scene
  • Ensures contiuous flow of info
  • between for members of team as info is obtained
194
Q

ICS - Incident Command Post

A
  • Identify objectives
  • Set up
195
Q

Function of Forensic Services

A
  • Carying out identifications, documentation collection, marking, packaging, and transmission of physical evidence to lab or locker
196
Q

Chain of Command

A
  • Super Intendent/ Chief
  • Major
  • Captain
  • Lieutenant
  • Sergeant
  • Troopers
197
Q

Span of control

A

Number of personnel or units supervised by particular commander

198
Q

Who is criminal investigations primarily conducted by?

A
  • Troopers
  • BCI investigators
  • BCI Senior INvestigators
199
Q

Most Felonies and Deaths are turned over to…

A

BCI

200
Q

Rules for Crime Scene Investigation

A

1) Maintain Control
2) Conceptualize Events
3) Proceed with caution
4) Apply Inclusiveness
5) Maintain documentation

201
Q

Death Investigation Categories

A
  • Natural
  • Homicide
  • Suicide
  • Accidental
  • Undetermined
202
Q

Proberbs 17:15

A

Acquitting guilty and condemning innocent the Lord detests them Both

203
Q

Soil Evidence

A

Found on tires, shoe bottoms, pant cuffs
impressions are often found in soil ( shoes/tires)

204
Q

Can you tell if a perosn was a smoker from blood?

A

Yes

205
Q
A

Medications and Behavior (40 decks)

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