T12 Flashcards
Morfosintaxis
Morphosyntax definition
Morphosyntax is the group of elements and rules that allow the construction of meaningful sentences through the study of grammar relations, structures…
Morpheme definition
Gimson (2001) morphemes are the smallest meaningful linguistic unit that may bring a change of meaning
Allomorph definition
Variant of one morpheme: -ed
- Slipped
- Played
- Wanted
Content vs function morphemes
Content morphemes express physical contents such as nouns, adjectives or verbs
Function express functions such as prepositions or determine
Free vs. Bound morphemes
Free morphemes (lexemes) have meaning by their own
Bound morphemes cannot occur by their own (prefixes and suffixes)
Word definition
Smallest free morpheme.
Morphemes are the linguistic units that actualise and modify words changing meanings.
Inflection meaning
How words change in order to express grammatical contrasts within a sentence: find, is finding, found…
Derivation
It focuses on the principles followed for the formation of new words
Types of derivation
Prefixation: un-happy
Suffixation: love-ly
Conversion: book, to book
Compounding: football
Reduplication: bye-bye
Clipping: photography, photo
Blending: brunch - breakfast + lunch
Acronyms: USA
Types of nouns
Proper or common
Concrete or abstract
Countable or uncountable
Collective or individual
Types of verbs
Lexical (main word in a verbal phrase) or Auxiliary (provides info about main word)
Types of adjectives
Attributive position (between determiners and noun)
Predicative position (after the verbal phrase)
Comparative or superlative
Modified by adverbs
What words can be modified by an adverb?
A verb: she drives carefully
An adjective: she has a fast car
Another adverb: he runs quite slowly
Types of determiners
Definite articles: the, a…
Demonstrative: that, this, these…
Possessive: my, yours, his…
Quantifiers: some, any, many….
Cardinal and ordinal numbers: one-firth
Types of pronouns
Personal: I, she, we
Possessive: mine, his, her
Demonstrative: this, that, these…
Interrogative: who, what, where…
Relative: who, which, whose…
Indefinite: all, any, some…
Reflexive: myself, yourself…
Preposition definition
A preposition links nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other words in a sentence.
It can indicate the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of the objects.
Conjunction types
Coordinating: 2 items equal importance
Correlative: work together to coordinate two items
Subordinating: introduce a dependent clause: although, before, until…
Syntax definition
Syntax studies the rules that govern the way in which words are combined to form sentences
Sentences definition
Sentences are grammatical and lexical units consisting of one or more words combined to form a meaningful statement, question…
Can be formed by: subject, verb, objects and complements.
Classification of sentences depending on their clauses
Simple: independent clause
Compound: 2 independent clauses
Complex: an independent clause joined by a dependent one
Compound-complex: multiple independent clauses with at least one dependent.
Classification of sentences according to intention
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Exclamatory
Imperative
Communicative structures
- Greetings + intro
- Asking for and giving info
- Describing people, places…
- Describing daily habits
- Expressing likes and dislikes
- Expressing time
- Expressing ability
- Offer, apology and request
- Make future plans, desires
- Expressing costs, numbers, quantities…
Themes and vocabulary
- Personal information
- Family and friends
- Free time activities
- Shopping
- Travels
- Food and drinks
- Weather
- Places of the city, directions…
- Occupations
- Daily life
- House and home
Contents (Annex II)
- Countable and uncountable nouns
- Determiners and personal pronouns.
- Possessive and adjectives
- Question form and simple sentences structure
- Present simple + continuous.
- Future and past
- Modals
- Adverbs of frequency
- Prepositions
- Comparative and superlative
