Swine Flashcards
what are pigs interms of how there diet is
pigs are omnivorous monogastric animals
how do pigs do with fibre and why would they need it
-can digest only smaller quantitys of crude fibre
-their capacity to utilize roughage is limited
-they need a small amount for:gut health, to reduce feed cost
what are the 5 main parts of the pigs digestive system
-mouth
-esophagus
-stomach
-small intest
-large intest
what is the mouth
-entrance and medium for mechanical break down of the food (chewing)
-saliva is also produced to soften and moisten the feed
-contains the enzyme (amylase) which starts the digestion of starch
what is the esophagus
a tube that carries the food form the mouth to the stomach via a series of muscle contractions
what is the role of the stomach
-chemicals are added to the food-HCl and enzymes
-break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats to smaller units
what is the small intestine
-duodenum, jejunum , ileum
-inner surface of the small intestine has fingerlike projections called villi
-villi provide the absorptive surface area for nutrients
what makes up the large intestine
-short cecum
-long colon
-rectum
-anus
what are the functions of the large intestine
-microbial fermentation
-absorption of water
what nutrients are required by swine
-energy
-animo acids
-minerals
-vitamins
what do pigs require energy for
maintenance, growth, and reproduction
what amino acids do pigs need
indispensable and dispensable amino acids
what are indispensable amino acids
essential amino acids PVT TIM HALL
what minerals do pigs need
calcium, phosphrous, sodium, selenium, manganese, copper, zinc, etc
what vitamins do pigs need
A, D, E, K, C, riboflavin, niacin, vit B12, biotin, etc
what vitamin do gestating sows require more of
Vit A and D
-7,200 IU/day of vit A carotene
-360IU/day of vit D
what are the animal factors that determine the amount of nutrient required by the swine
-the product you are raising them for (lean meat or fat)
-age
-breed
-production state (growing, lactating sows, pregnant sows, boras)
health status
what are some common energy sources for swine
-corn(the most energy)
-wheat barley(same amount of energy)
-fat sources (concentrated energy)
what are some common amino acid sources for swine
-soybean meal (44%)
canola meal (36%)
peas (21%)
lentils
sunflower meal
meat meal
distillers grains with solubles
synthetic amino acids
what are some common mineral/vitamin sources for swine
-monocalcium phoshate/dicalcum phosphate: calcium&phosphrous
-bonemeal (ca)
-limestone (ca)
-premixes:minerals and vitimims
what are some feed factors that determine the amount of nutrients available to swine
-quantity
-frequency of feeding
-other ingredients in the mix
-feed processing
-antinutrients– fiber, phytate etc
what is one of the top challenges for the swine indistry
feed
how much does feed cost account for the overall cost of swine production
appx 70%
what are some possible solutions to help with the high price of pork feed
-source a variety of ingredients, including by-products
-utilize novel technologies (micronization, extrusion)
-enzyme technology
what are some general indicators of ill health in swine
-reduced appetite
-isolation
-changing in amount, color, consistency of feces
-coughing
-sneezing
-dull hair coat
-alterations in gait
what are some sources of diseases in swine
-diseased or healthy swine incubating diseases
-animals other then swine (animals, pets, birds, vermin, insects)
-clothing or shoes of visitors and employees moving farm to farm
-contaminated feed, water, bedding, soil
-carcasses of dead animals
-contaminated equipment or veichels
-airborne particles and dust blown by wind
what are some common swine diseases
-swine brucellosis
-pseudorabies
-porcine epidemic diarrhea
-porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome
-african swine fever
-classical swine fever
-swine vesicular disease
trichinellosis
what is swine brucellosis and what is it caused by
-infectious diseases of swine
-caused by brucella suis. biovars 1 or 3
how does swine brucellosis spread
-in semen during breeding
-by ingesting, inhaling, or eye contact with bacteria
-in milk, repo fluids, placenta, aborted fetus, and urine
-potentially zoonotic
where does the infection of brucellosis localize
-in various tissues:
-joints leading to lameness
-cause chronic inflammatory lesions in reproductive organs
-can cause abortions, infertility, low milk production
what is pseudorabies
-disease of swine that can also affect cattle, dogs, cats, sheep, goats
-caused pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a contagious herosevirus
how does pseudorabies spread
-direct animal to animal (nose to nose) contact or sexual contact
-inanimate objects, boots, clothes, feed, trucks, eqipment
what does pseudorabies cause
-reproductive problems- abortions, stillbirths
-respiratory problems
-occasional deaths in breeding and finishing hogs
what are some symptoms of pseudorabies in pigs
-CNS clinical signs
-incoordination’
-sneezing, caughing
-high mortality
what are some symptoms of pseudorabies in adult pigs
-coughing, fever, pneumonia
-CNS signs
-reproductive signs such as failure to breed, abortions, stillbirths, small litters
what causes porcine epidemic diarrhea
porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
how is porcine epidemic diarrhea transmitted
through feces and direct contact between infected and non infected animals
what type of pigs does porcine epidemic diarrhea effect and what does it do to them
-effects all types of pigs
-resulting in dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea
-symptoms may be severe in very young piglets to very mild/non-existant in finishing pigs
how can porcine epidemic diarrhea be prevented
through proper biosecurity
what is porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
-viral disease caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)
what are some symptoms of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
-reproductive failure in sows
-respiratory diseases in growing and finishing
-diarrhea in weanling piglets
what are the issues and preventions of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
-economically devastating, world wide
-vaccines are available but new varients constantly emerging
what are piglets most susceptible to for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
-infection and dehydration
-piglets develop severe diarrhea and die of dehydration
-less then 7 days of age=100% mortality
-7 to 28 day=30% mortality
-older pigs and sows develop a transient diarrhea, may go off feed for a couple days
what are some reportable diseases of swine that are considered to be of great public health importance
-trichinellosis
-hog cholera aka classical swine fever
-african swine fever
-swine vesicular disease
-foot and mouth disease
what are some possible clinical signs of reportable diseases
-blisters or ulcers on mouth, nose, feet, teats
-paralysis, hind end weakness, or stumbling (drunken) gait
-muscle twitching and trembline, very exaggerated responce to skin being touched
-severe behavioural changes (aggression, vocalization)
-hemorrhages (bleeding) into or out of body openings or into internal organs
-severe bloody diarrhea
-recumbent (refuse to stand)
-severe skin discloloration
what is foot an mouth disease
a severe, highly communicable viral disease in cattle and swine
what are signs of foot and mouth disease
fever and blister like sores on the tongue and lips, in the mouth, on the teats and between hooves
what is swine vesicular disease
-an acute, contagious viral disease of pigs characterized by fever and vesicles (fluid filled blisters) in the mouth and on the snout, feet and teats
can you tell swine vesicular disease form foot and mouth
no
what species are affected by swine vesicular disease
just swine
how serous is swine vesicular disease
illness varies in severity but is rarley fatal
what is african swine fever (ASF)
contagous viral disease of swine
how serious is ASF
causes high mortality rates in infected domestic pigs, european wild boars, and american wild pigs
where and how long can ASF survive
for several months in fresh pork, and processed pork products
is resistant to low tempratures
what happens to pigs that survive ASF
they are carriers for life
what plays a major role in transmission of ASF
ticks and fomites
what is the mortality rate of ASF
could reach 100%
where are zones detected for ASF
south-sahara africa, iberic peninsula, and south america
what is hog cholera or classical swine fever
it is a highly contagious viral disease of swine with high morbidity and high mortality
what are pre death signs of classical swine fever
-standing with arched back
-diarrhea
-staggered gait
-conjunctivitis
-purplish discolouration of the skin
what are post death signs of classical swine fever
hemorrhages/necrotic lesions of the: skin
-tonsils
-lymph nodes
-small intestine
-kidneys
-spleen
what is trichinellosis
-disease of animals and humans caused by small imtramuscular parasitic nematodes (roundworms) of the genus trichinella
how does disease affect profits
-increased mortality
-reduced weight gain
-reduced feed conversion
-reduced barn throughput
-increased incidences of other diseases
-condemnations at slaughter
-increased vet cost
what are some factors that increase disease
-cold temp
-moisture
-hight bacterial count
-low immunity
-poor nutrition
-parasites
-crowding
what are some factors that decrease diesease
-warm temps
-dry conditions
-sanitation
-high immunity
-good nutrition
-worming
-adequate space
what are some disease control opportunities
-maintain biosecurity
-consume colostrum
-adequate ventilation, optimal environment
-antibiotics
what is biosecurity
describes the measure and procedures needed to protect a population against the introduction and spread of pathogens
what does biosecurity reduce the risk of
the risk of introduction and spread of disease agents
what are biosecurity principals for swine
-isolation
-sanitation
-traffic control
-herd health management
-program maintenance
isolation
isolate sick pigs form the herd. obtain animals from reputable source, all in all out
sanitation
clean and disinfect buildings, barns, equipment, clothing, and foot wear
designate a cleaning area for vehicles and equipment
traffic control
-control visitors access, require visitors to wear clean boots, clothing and gloves
-prevent birds, rodents, pets, and other animals, maintain records of the movement of people, animals and equipment
herd health management
monitor herd health daily, uniquely identify all animals for traceability, vaccinate pigs against certain diseases
program maintenance
staff training, monitor biosecurity effectiveness
