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ANSC 212 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

what is polymerase chain reaction

A

-created by dr kary mullis
-enables the amplifacation of a small amout of DNA into millions of copies of DNA

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2
Q

what is domestication

A

the process of adapting wild plants an animals

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3
Q

when did domestication of animals occur

A

9000-12000BCE in fertile cresent (except dogs)

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4
Q

what are animal domestication and production requirements

A

-feeding (nutrition)
-animal health
-selection of stock (breeding and genetics)

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5
Q

what are some phenotypic selection of animal breeding

A

-structural soundness
-breeding soundness
-udder capacity and soundness
-indicators of productivity and adaptability
-visible factors affecting market price (such as color, muscle thickness)

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6
Q

what is the goal of animal breeding

A

to make genetic progress by substituting desirable traits for less desirable ones

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7
Q

what is selection

A

breeding only certain individuals chosen for desirable charicteristics

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8
Q

what is culling

A

-eliminating some individuals from breeding
-castrating
-not breeding some heifers
-killing in some cases

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9
Q

what is heritability estimates

A

proportion of the total variation among individuals thats due to their genes, rater then the environment they were raised in, or random chance

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10
Q

what are the heritability estimates for growth, function behavior, and fertility stamina

A

->40%(high)growth
-20-35%(medium)function behavior
-<15%(low)fertility stamina

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11
Q

what are some traits that would fall under high heritability

A

-pig backfat
-sheep wool length
-milk % butterfat
-% bone in beef

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12
Q

what are some traits that would fall under medium heritability

A

-post weaning gain in beef
-milk yield
-time in thoroughbreds

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13
Q

what are some traits that would fall under low heritability

A

-egg hatchability
-pig litter size
-sheep conception rate

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14
Q

what is heritability an assessment of

A

how successfully or quickly a trait can be improved by selection

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15
Q

what are qualitative traits

A

results from the action of one or a few pair of gene not influenced by the environment
e.g red or black angus, polled or horned cattle

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16
Q

what are quantitative traits

A

-many genes plus environment contribute to that trait
-continuous variation in in phenotype
-almost all of the economical important traits result form this type of inheritance

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17
Q

what are genetics

A

-they identified genes that can enhance animal growth, health, and ability to utilize nutrients
-studies the principles of inheritance in aminals

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18
Q

what are genomics

A

studies the complete set of genetic information in an organism

19
Q

what are genes

A

discrete regions in the genome that encode a function

20
Q

what makes up a neucleotide

A

-pentose sugar
-phosphate group
-nitrogenous base (ACGT)

21
Q

how much of DNA is found in the nucleus

A

98%

22
Q

how much DNA is found in the mitochondria

A

2%

23
Q

what is the central dogma

A

process of:
-DNA replication
-to DNA
-to transcription
-to mRNA
-to translation
to make a protein
(replication)
(or reverse-reverse transcription)

24
Q

what are diploid cells

A

-when an animal gets half its DNA form the egg and the sperm

25
Q

what is the bovine karyotype

A

29 autosomal
sex chromosomes

26
Q

what is the bird chromosomes like

A

they have Z and W
female determines gender (ZW)
male is ZZ

27
Q

what are alleles

A

-different forms of the same DNA
-an individuals two alleles are from each parent

28
Q

what are homozygous alleles

A

AA or TT

29
Q

what are heterozygous alleles

A

AT

30
Q

what is genotype

A

alleles (genetic makeup)

31
Q

what is a phenotype

A

what can be seen or measured

32
Q

what is a dominant allele

A

allele that is phenotypically displayed if present

33
Q

what is a recessive allele

A

allele that is expressed only in the homozygous state

34
Q

what is a simple substitution mutation

A

ATCCTA(T)TTCCA (C)

35
Q

what is a substitution mutation

A

ATCC(TAT)TTCCA

36
Q

what is a insertion mutation

A

ATCCTAT(CACT)TTCCA

37
Q

what is a deletion mutation

A

ATCC(TATTremoved)TCCA

38
Q

what is a duplication mutation

A

ATCCTATTTCCA(ATCCTATTTCCA)

39
Q

what is a inversion mutation

A

ATC(CTAT)TTCCA (TATC)

40
Q

how can the type of genotype mutation be determined

A

DNA test

41
Q

what things are non mendelian inharitance

A

-polygenic inheritance(feed efficency)
-multiple alleles(color print and albino)
-codominace (roan in cattle)
-incomplete domincance (palomino)
-sex influenced (scurs)

42
Q

what things are mendelian interitance

A

-autosomal dominant (polled)
-X-linked(calico cat)
=autosomal recessive (red)

43
Q

what is gene mapping

A

-discrete traits
-two phenotypes
-continuous traits
-QTLs

ANSC 212 (34 decks)

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