Genetics Flashcards
what is polymerase chain reaction
-created by dr kary mullis
-enables the amplifacation of a small amout of DNA into millions of copies of DNA
what is domestication
the process of adapting wild plants an animals
when did domestication of animals occur
9000-12000BCE in fertile cresent (except dogs)
what are animal domestication and production requirements
-feeding (nutrition)
-animal health
-selection of stock (breeding and genetics)
what are some phenotypic selection of animal breeding
-structural soundness
-breeding soundness
-udder capacity and soundness
-indicators of productivity and adaptability
-visible factors affecting market price (such as color, muscle thickness)
what is the goal of animal breeding
to make genetic progress by substituting desirable traits for less desirable ones
what is selection
breeding only certain individuals chosen for desirable charicteristics
what is culling
-eliminating some individuals from breeding
-castrating
-not breeding some heifers
-killing in some cases
what is heritability estimates
proportion of the total variation among individuals thats due to their genes, rater then the environment they were raised in, or random chance
what are the heritability estimates for growth, function behavior, and fertility stamina
->40%(high)growth
-20-35%(medium)function behavior
-<15%(low)fertility stamina
what are some traits that would fall under high heritability
-pig backfat
-sheep wool length
-milk % butterfat
-% bone in beef
what are some traits that would fall under medium heritability
-post weaning gain in beef
-milk yield
-time in thoroughbreds
what are some traits that would fall under low heritability
-egg hatchability
-pig litter size
-sheep conception rate
what is heritability an assessment of
how successfully or quickly a trait can be improved by selection
what are qualitative traits
results from the action of one or a few pair of gene not influenced by the environment
e.g red or black angus, polled or horned cattle
what are quantitative traits
-many genes plus environment contribute to that trait
-continuous variation in in phenotype
-almost all of the economical important traits result form this type of inheritance
what are genetics
-they identified genes that can enhance animal growth, health, and ability to utilize nutrients
-studies the principles of inheritance in aminals
what are genomics
studies the complete set of genetic information in an organism
what are genes
discrete regions in the genome that encode a function
what makes up a neucleotide
-pentose sugar
-phosphate group
-nitrogenous base (ACGT)
how much of DNA is found in the nucleus
98%
how much DNA is found in the mitochondria
2%
what is the central dogma
process of:
-DNA replication
-to DNA
-to transcription
-to mRNA
-to translation
to make a protein
(replication)
(or reverse-reverse transcription)
what are diploid cells
-when an animal gets half its DNA form the egg and the sperm
what is the bovine karyotype
29 autosomal
sex chromosomes
what is the bird chromosomes like
they have Z and W
female determines gender (ZW)
male is ZZ
what are alleles
-different forms of the same DNA
-an individuals two alleles are from each parent
what are homozygous alleles
AA or TT
what are heterozygous alleles
AT
what is genotype
alleles (genetic makeup)
what is a phenotype
what can be seen or measured
what is a dominant allele
allele that is phenotypically displayed if present
what is a recessive allele
allele that is expressed only in the homozygous state
what is a simple substitution mutation
ATCCTA(T)TTCCA (C)
what is a substitution mutation
ATCC(TAT)TTCCA
what is a insertion mutation
ATCCTAT(CACT)TTCCA
what is a deletion mutation
ATCC(TATTremoved)TCCA
what is a duplication mutation
ATCCTATTTCCA(ATCCTATTTCCA)
what is a inversion mutation
ATC(CTAT)TTCCA (TATC)
how can the type of genotype mutation be determined
DNA test
what things are non mendelian inharitance
-polygenic inheritance(feed efficency)
-multiple alleles(color print and albino)
-codominace (roan in cattle)
-incomplete domincance (palomino)
-sex influenced (scurs)
what things are mendelian interitance
-autosomal dominant (polled)
-X-linked(calico cat)
=autosomal recessive (red)
what is gene mapping
-discrete traits
-two phenotypes
-continuous traits
-QTLs
