Anatomy and physiology- circulatory system

Question 1

what does the circulatory system consist of

Answer 1

heart, arteries, capillaries, veins and lymph system

Question 2

what is the function of the circulatory system

Answer 2

transports nutrients and waste products, gasses (O2+CO2), water and hormones and also distribute heat

Question 3

how does the pulmonary circulation work

Answer 3

-heart pumps DOB through the pulmonary artery to the lungs
-blood is oxygenated in the capillaries of the lungs
-OB is brought back to the heart through the pulmonary vein

Question 4

how does the systemic circulation work

Answer 4

The heart pumps oxygenated blood through the aorta to all
body tissues
Thinwalled capillaries allow nutrients and oxygen to enter the
tissues and waste products and carbon dioxide to leave
Vena cava (anterior and posterior) carries the blood away from
the tissues back to the heart

Question 5

what is the aorta and ventricle

Answer 5

Atria
Receiving chambers
of the heart

Ventricles
Pumping chambers
Dynamics of Circulatory System

Question 6

what does the anterior and posterior vena cava get blood

Answer 6

Anterior vena cava
Blood from the head and
shoulder

Posterior vena cava
Blood from the lower regions
Dynamics of Circulatory System

Question 7

what is the path blood takes once in the heart to the lungs

Answer 7

-Blood right atrium -> right
ventricle
-Right ventricle contracts
-Forces blood through the
right pulmonary valve
-Pulmonary artery->lungs
- pulmonary circulation
-Non-oxygenated blood

Question 8

what is the path blood takes after in the lungs to the rest of the body

Answer 8

-Blood is returned to the left atrium through the pulmonary vein
-From the left atrium -> left ventricle
- Through the aortic valve
- Out to the body through the aorta
- Systemic circulation
- Oxygenated blood

Question 9

what does blood carry

Answer 9

nutrients and waste products
oxygen from lungs to the tissues and returns with carbon dioxide
hormones from endocrine glands to other organs

Question 10

what does blood transport

Answer 10

heat from tissues to body surface

Question 11

what does blood contain

Answer 11

buffers such as bicarbonate to help maintain constant pH
 Osmotic control (provides fluid to tissues)
 Clotting mechanism (fibrinogen)
 Disease control (WBC + gamma-globulins)

Question 12

what does blood composition consist of

Answer 12

-Generally consists of about 50-60% fluid known as plasma or
serum and 40-50% red blood cells
-Buffy coat is White Blood Cells.

Question 13

what are the different types of blood cells contained in blood

Answer 13

 Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
 White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
 Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Question 14

what are the features of RBC

Answer 14

 Most prevalent cell (about 7 million/microliter (μL) (=mm3)
 Formed in red bone marrow
 RBC’s from mammals have no nucleus, while bird cells have a
nucleus
 Contain hemoglobin (iron and globulin) which has tremendous
ability to bind with oxygen
* Blood can absorb 60 times more O2 than water - hemoglobin.
 Nitrate poisoning reduces ability to transport O2 and animal
suffocates (methemoglobin)

Question 15

why will nitrates potenally be a problem in western canada this year

Answer 15

 Stressors for plant growth
* Drought, frost, hail
 Plants take up nitrate from soil and can’t convert it to
protein (because of stress) nitrate accumulates
 Nitrate enters the rumen – converted to nitrite
 Nitrite interacts with hemoglobin to form methemoglobin
 Cattle the most susceptible, swine the least

Question 16

what are some features if WBC

Answer 16

White blood cells or leukocytes are involved in the immune system
 disease defence system
Formed in the red bone marrow and in lymph glands (spleen, thymus etc)
Not confined to blood
 May be found in other tissues of the body
Typical count approximately 7-10 thousand/ μL

Question 17

what are the different kinds of WBC

Answer 17

lymphocyte
monocyte
eosinophil
basophil
neutrophil

Question 18

what are the fuctions of neutrophils and monocytes

Answer 18

• Attracted to sites of infection
• Ingest bacteria via phagocytosis and destroy them

Question 19

what are the functions of eosinophils

Answer 19

Control allergic and parasite infections

Question 20

what are the functions of basophils

Answer 20

role in allergic and inflammatory responses

Question 21

what are the functions of lymphocytes

Answer 21

• Mediates immune responses
• T lymphocytes– cellular immunity (does not depend on antibodies; attack infected body cells)
• B lymphocytes– humoral immunity (make proteins: antigen specific antibodies) e.g. passed down from
  mother

Question 22

what can total WBC tell us

Answer 22

• more then normal=bacterial infection
• less then normal=virus (impact on WBC production)

Question 23

how does somatic count work in milk

Answer 23

 Somatic cells (predominately WBC, normally present in milk)
 Index for health and milk quality

Question 24

what things can you detect with differential WBC count

Answer 24

 Measuring the percentage of each type of white blood cell count
 Stress increases the number of neutrophils relative to lymphocytes
 Eosinophils increase with parasites

Question 25

how do platelets work in the case of a cut

Answer 25

Platelets attach themselves to injuries in blood
vessels
 Release a chemical necessary for blood clotting
(fibrinogen)

Question 26

explain the characteristics, purpose and functions of platelets

Answer 26

 Sticky
 Form a plug at the site of the injury
 Prevent excessive blood loss

Question 27

how is plasma made up

Answer 27

appx 90% water and 10% solids

Question 28

what does the solids of plasma consist of

Answer 28

• Inorganic salts (Na, Ca, K, Mg)
• Antibodies
• hormones
• Vitamins
• Enzymes
• Glucose
• Fats
• proteins (albumin, globulin, transferrin, ceruloplasmin)

Question 29

what is the difference of plasma and serum

Answer 29

plasma: liquid that remains when clotting is prevented (used anticoagulent)

serum:liquid that remains after blood has clotted (serum=plasma-fibrinogen)