Anatomy and physiology- circulatory system Flashcards
what does the circulatory system consist of
heart, arteries, capillaries, veins and lymph system
what is the function of the circulatory system
transports nutrients and waste products, gasses (O2+CO2), water and hormones and also distribute heat
how does the pulmonary circulation work
-heart pumps DOB through the pulmonary artery to the lungs
-blood is oxygenated in the capillaries of the lungs
-OB is brought back to the heart through the pulmonary vein
how does the systemic circulation work
The heart pumps oxygenated blood through the aorta to all
body tissues
Thinwalled capillaries allow nutrients and oxygen to enter the
tissues and waste products and carbon dioxide to leave
Vena cava (anterior and posterior) carries the blood away from
the tissues back to the heart
what is the aorta and ventricle
Atria
Receiving chambers
of the heart
Ventricles
Pumping chambers
Dynamics of Circulatory System
what does the anterior and posterior vena cava get blood
Anterior vena cava
Blood from the head and
shoulder
Posterior vena cava
Blood from the lower regions
Dynamics of Circulatory System
what is the path blood takes once in the heart to the lungs
-Blood right atrium -> right
ventricle
-Right ventricle contracts
-Forces blood through the
right pulmonary valve
-Pulmonary artery->lungs
- pulmonary circulation
-Non-oxygenated blood
what is the path blood takes after in the lungs to the rest of the body
-Blood is returned to the left atrium through the pulmonary vein
-From the left atrium -> left ventricle
- Through the aortic valve
- Out to the body through the aorta
- Systemic circulation
- Oxygenated blood
what does blood carry
nutrients and waste products
oxygen from lungs to the tissues and returns with carbon dioxide
hormones from endocrine glands to other organs
what does blood transport
heat from tissues to body surface
what does blood contain
buffers such as bicarbonate to help maintain constant pH
Osmotic control (provides fluid to tissues)
Clotting mechanism (fibrinogen)
Disease control (WBC + gamma-globulins)
what does blood composition consist of
-Generally consists of about 50-60% fluid known as plasma or
serum and 40-50% red blood cells
-Buffy coat is White Blood Cells.
what are the different types of blood cells contained in blood
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
what are the features of RBC
Most prevalent cell (about 7 million/microliter (μL) (=mm3)
Formed in red bone marrow
RBC’s from mammals have no nucleus, while bird cells have a
nucleus
Contain hemoglobin (iron and globulin) which has tremendous
ability to bind with oxygen
* Blood can absorb 60 times more O2 than water - hemoglobin.
Nitrate poisoning reduces ability to transport O2 and animal
suffocates (methemoglobin)
why will nitrates potenally be a problem in western canada this year
Stressors for plant growth
* Drought, frost, hail
Plants take up nitrate from soil and can’t convert it to
protein (because of stress) nitrate accumulates
Nitrate enters the rumen – converted to nitrite
Nitrite interacts with hemoglobin to form methemoglobin
Cattle the most susceptible, swine the least
what are some features if WBC
White blood cells or leukocytes are involved in the immune system
disease defence system
Formed in the red bone marrow and in lymph glands (spleen, thymus etc)
Not confined to blood
May be found in other tissues of the body
Typical count approximately 7-10 thousand/ μL
what are the different kinds of WBC
lymphocyte
monocyte
eosinophil
basophil
neutrophil
what are the fuctions of neutrophils and monocytes
- Attracted to sites of infection
- Ingest bacteria via phagocytosis and destroy them
what are the functions of eosinophils
Control allergic and parasite infections
what are the functions of basophils
role in allergic and inflammatory responses
what are the functions of lymphocytes
- Mediates immune responses
- T lymphocytes– cellular immunity (does not depend on antibodies; attack infected body cells)
- B lymphocytes– humoral immunity (make proteins: antigen specific antibodies) e.g. passed down from
mother
what can total WBC tell us
- more then normal=bacterial infection
- less then normal=virus (impact on WBC production)
how does somatic count work in milk
Somatic cells (predominately WBC, normally present in milk)
Index for health and milk quality
what things can you detect with differential WBC count
Measuring the percentage of each type of white blood cell count
Stress increases the number of neutrophils relative to lymphocytes
Eosinophils increase with parasites
how do platelets work in the case of a cut
Platelets attach themselves to injuries in blood
vessels
Release a chemical necessary for blood clotting
(fibrinogen)
explain the characteristics, purpose and functions of platelets
Sticky
Form a plug at the site of the injury
Prevent excessive blood loss
how is plasma made up
appx 90% water and 10% solids
what does the solids of plasma consist of
- Inorganic salts (Na, Ca, K, Mg)
- Antibodies
- hormones
- Vitamins
- Enzymes
- Glucose
- Fats
- proteins (albumin, globulin, transferrin, ceruloplasmin)
what is the difference of plasma and serum
plasma: liquid that remains when clotting is prevented (used anticoagulent)
serum:liquid that remains after blood has clotted (serum=plasma-fibrinogen)
