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ANSC 212 > Beef cattle 2 > Flashcards

Beef cattle 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most important thing on a commercial cattle operation

A

creation of new wealth (calves to sell)
-at least 5x more important then growth and milk production
-at least 10x more important than carcass quality

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2
Q

what are the total costs to keep a cow for 1 year

A

$1500

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3
Q

what happens if not all cows get pregnant

A

if 95% (5% open) froduce a calf a year each calf must bear a cost of $1575
if 90% are pregnant each calf must bear cost of 1650
therefore objective is to get all cows pregnant

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4
Q

how many calves does it take to cover the development costs of a heifer

A

4-5

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5
Q

beef cattle should have low level of management meaning…

A

should emphasize genetic potential

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6
Q

potential animal performance=

A

genetics+environment

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7
Q

what are the cow calf economic like

A

-known for modest rates of returns
-focus on cost per pound (kg) weaned
-unit cost production (UCOP)=cost per 100 lbs calf waned (more important then weaning weight)

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8
Q

how do you calculate the UCOP (unit cost production)

A

total cowherd cost/total lbs of calf weaned

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9
Q

how heritable are fertility traits

A

lowly heritable

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10
Q

what is the heritability of conception rate

A

h^2 =0 to 0.10

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11
Q

what is the heritability of calving interval

A

h^2=0-0.10

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12
Q

what is the heritability of fetal survival (embryonic loss)

A

low

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13
Q

whats more important calving ease or body birth weight

A

calving ease

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14
Q

what enhances survivability to calf weaning (5-6months)

A

-colostrum at birth (passive immunity)
-mothering ability
-milk quality

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15
Q

how soon into pregnancy can you ultrasound

A

30 days
purebred operations may do so and rebreed if not pregnant

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16
Q

how soon can you do a rectal palpation

A

60 + days

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17
Q

what happens in a commercial herd if a cow isnt pregnant

A

females are sold in the fall if breeding is in summer

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18
Q

what are clean up bulls

A

bulls released with cows after about 7-10 days after AI
meant to breed open cows in next cycle

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19
Q

what is the goal for cows bread in the first heat cycle

A

70% or greater

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20
Q

BSC test

A

breeding soundness evaluation for bulls

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21
Q

what is the heritability for scrotal circumference

A

h^2=0.40 to 0.60

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22
Q

what is the ideal scrotal circumference for bulls at 12 months

A

grater than or equal to 32 cm

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23
Q

what is evaluated for sperm count

A

volume, motility, sperm morphology

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24
Q

what is one thing that can be evaluated in bulls

A

libito

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25
Q

when is bull puberty

A

12-15 months of age, larger breeds later
therefore many purebred producers calve in January

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26
Q

when are bulls sold

A

usually January, sometimes February

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27
Q

what does heat form fat in bulls do

A

reduces sperm count

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28
Q

what does freezing temps do to stored sperm

A

it damages it

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29
Q

what is a good bull to cow ratio

A

1bull per 25-30 cows
1 yearling bull per 15-20 cows

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30
Q

what is a good bull to cow ratio in rough terrain or large pasutre/rangeland

A

1 bull per 10-15 cows
1 yearling bull per 10 cows

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31
Q

what does a sorter breeding season mena for culls

A

more culls

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32
Q

do producers like to mix yearling bulls with mature bulls

A

not

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33
Q

what is natural service conception rates

A

90-98%
should expect ~85%+ live calves

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34
Q

what is AI conception rates

A

should expect 55-56% pregnant
(good heat detection)

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35
Q

what are ways to detect a cow in hear

A

-gomer bull=vasectomized bull marks cow in heat
-observation of mounting twice/day
visual aids (mounting patched KMAR)

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36
Q

what is a good way to breed heifers

A

buy and use a separate heifer bull, lighter birth weights expected

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37
Q

what are bull sales like

A

-mainly yearling (12-13 months of age)
-bull sales in febuary and march (pre-breeding season)
-also 2 year old bull sales (rare)

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38
Q

how could you calculate adjusted calf wean weight

A

adj 205 d ww=wean wt-birth weight/wean age=birth weight + dam age

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39
Q

how does dams age effect birth weight

A

2=+15%
3=+10%
4=+5%
5-10=0
greater then or eq to 11=+5%

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40
Q

what genders grow best

A

male 1.1>castrated male 1.05>female 1

41
Q

what are correction factors for comparing records of weight

A

sex
dams age
age of calf
twin vs singleton

42
Q

twin vs singleton

A

75% of expected weight

43
Q

how heritable are performance traits

A

highly heritable:
birth weight: 0.30-0.40
wean weight: 0.30-0.35
post weaning gain: 0.50-0.55

44
Q

what are genetic correlations of post wean gain and carcass grade

A

weaning wt: post wean gain 0.46
weaning wt: carcass grade 0.52

45
Q

what is the heritability of carcass quality

A

slaughter grade: 0.40-0.45
loin eye area: 0.55-0.60
tenderness: 0.50-0.60
marbling: 0.40-0.45

46
Q

how do heifers and old cows do calving

A

-heifers have more problems
-old cows abort more

47
Q

what is the average herd age

A

5-7 years

48
Q

what is the problem with all the cattle breeds

A

-breed groups dont talk to eachother
-but they should to help commercial operations

49
Q

bos taurus

A

all european breeds

50
Q

bos inducus breeds

A

zebu brahma breeds

51
Q

where does brahma breedings happen

A

increase as you go south

52
Q

what is the order of operation for beef cattle management for commercial operation

A

-jan/feb cows fed well for fetal (conceptus) growth
-march/april calving + feed cows very well for milk production (lactation)
-may/june move cows to pasture
-june/july breeding season cows (63 days) heifers (45 days)
-aug/sept creep feed calves
-october weaning, select and cull
-november/december feed cost effective, gradually improve feed quality

53
Q

what is the order of operation for beef cattle management for purebred operation

A

-calve in jan or feb
-yearling bull sales in jan/feb
-puberty 12-15 months
-breed mid april

54
Q

when do commercial operations calve and breed

A

they calve in march/april and breed july/aug/sept
today some operations calve in may-pasture calving

55
Q

how much are calves growing nursing on dam at pasture per day

A

0.9 to 1.1 kg/day

56
Q

how much are calves growing during backgrounding(100-120 days old) per day

A

0.7 to 1.1kg/d (70% hay, silage)

57
Q

how much are calves growing during finishing per day

A

1.4 to 1.8 kg/day
(80-90% grain diet)

58
Q

how old are calves when backgrounded

A

100-120 days

59
Q

how is the slaughter of cattle done to maintain market

A

1) different breeds reach finish, target backfat at different ages
2) cattle left on grass longer in some locations than others
-backgrounding programs
-fall calving

60
Q

what are finishing programs

A

-fast growth before slaughter (about the last 90-150-230 days)
-grass-finish or forage-finish
-in australia, brazil, canada
-fat colour is yellow instead of white

61
Q

feed lot programs

A

-grouped by size and/or body type and to some extent age
-silage is typically fed in large lots
-grain and hay

62
Q

what things are needed to maintain welfare in feedlots

A

-adjustment (adaption) to diet, different water, etc is needed
-clean, dry bedding
-well drained corral
-snow fence may be only “shelter”
-grain content of feed in gradually increased
-bloat must be prevented

63
Q

why are feed lot economics risky

A

-price marge=differene in $/lb (kg) between buying and selling
-feed margin (cost of grain[COG])
-difference between cost/lb gain and selling price

64
Q

what are different kinds of animal identification

A

-branding
-tattoo
-permanent ID

65
Q

what are the different branding ways

A

hot and freeze

66
Q

what must purebreds have on their tags

A

letters that identifies the year they were born
F=2018
G=2019
H=2020
J=2021
K=2022
L=2023

67
Q

RFID

A

radio frequency
reg with canadian cattle identifacation agency-age verified

68
Q

polled

A

no horns

69
Q

smooth polled

A

clean head often peaked

70
Q

smooth polled

A

both parents polled (since trait is dominant not homozygous)

71
Q

dehorning practices

A

-caustic paste (bud) at one month of age or less
-cutting (wire saw)
-heat cauterization- buddex electric dehorner

72
Q

what things are used to improve welfare to cattle when dehorning

A

-after horn bud attachment must use pain control (anesthetic (lidocine); analegestic (meloxicam)
-at birth ie smaller the horn the better

73
Q

castration timing

A

-crossbred males typically castrated early (at birth)
-purebred typically in fall at time of cull

74
Q

castration methods

A

-surgical (removal of both testes)
-elastrator ring (at birth)
-burdizzo emasculator crushes cords

75
Q

what is the rule for pain management and calf castration

A

older the 6 months of age will require pain control (ie analgesic (meloxicam))

76
Q

what are antibiotics used for in beef cattle

A

-treat diseases
-prevent disease in high risk groups (upon arrival at feedlot injectable and in feed for 28 days
-promote growth (subteraputic)
-enhance feed efficiency (subteraputic)

77
Q

what happens if a cattle has been given antibiotics

A

-regulated withdrawal period
-CFIA no treated animal enters the food chain

78
Q

what are concerns with antibiotics

A

-mass treatment of animals
-(metaphylaxis) could lead to resistance (AMR)
-over prescription of antibiotics

79
Q

where are antimicrobials more common vet med or humans

A

its 16x more than vet med
patients not complying with duration of medication (resistants)

80
Q

ionophores

A

-soluble molecules produces by some bacteria (change in microbial populations, reduces methane)
-aids in transport of ions across cell membranes
-acts as coccidiostats (rumencin)
-not used in humans

81
Q

what do ionophores increase in cattle

A

-ADG and feed efficiency
-more efficient feed conversion 10-15%
-decreases methane in ruminants

82
Q

what do ionophores reduce in cattle

A

-ruminal acidosis and bloat

83
Q

rumensin

A

ionophore (monensin sodium)

84
Q

how does the use of antibiotics in canada compare to Europe

A

-EU has banned
-canada hasnt but they must be prescribed by a vet= i.e only used to treat sick animals
-however entry into feedlots to prevent disease in question (metaphylaxis use)

85
Q

if no antibiotics what can you do

A

-improve management of animals
-pre and probiotics
-some plants have antimicrobial compounds
(garlic, red osier dogwood[antioxidant])

86
Q

what are hormones

A

anabolic growth promoter

87
Q

why use hormones

A

-promote growth
-90% feed lot cattle
-20% increase in growth
-consume 15% less feed

88
Q

what are the concerns with hormones

A

in meat residue- CFIA audited at packing plant

89
Q

what are consumers concerns with hormones

A

-in feces and urine, goes to drinking water, then to other food

90
Q

why isnt beef just the problem when it comes to hormones

A

birth control, postmenopausal therapy

91
Q

hormone implant use in EU vs north america

A

-banned in EU, cant sell beef that have had implants, new trade agreement opens up this market
-90% of slaughter carcasses have had implants in N america

92
Q

ralgro (zeranol)

A

derived from corn mold-anabolic agent-simulates growth

93
Q

how much estrogen does a cow with vs with out implant have

A

1.1 ng with out, 1.9 ng without

94
Q

beef industry sectors-purebred

A

-supply breeding stock to commercial cattlemen
-concentrate on specific traits

95
Q

beef industry sectors-commercial cow-calf producer

A

-maintain cow herd and raise calves
-calves sold at weaning 225-270kg
-go to feedlot
-or backgrounding to feedlot

96
Q

beef industry sectors-backgrounding lots

A

-feed calves forage based rations
-225-270kg grown to 360-430kg
->finishing

97
Q

beef industry sectors-finishing feed lots

A

-feed yearling, and backgrounded calves
-fed high energy
-14-22 months=450-630kg

98
Q

beef industry sectors- packers

A

slaughter and produce carcass (270-360kg)

99
Q

beef industry sectors- wholesalers

A

-purchase beef
-distribute (wholesalers, retailers or food industry)
-many add value before selling (cutting, aging, packing)

ANSC 212 (34 decks)

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