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ANSC 212 > Anatomy and physiology- digestion > Flashcards

Anatomy and physiology- digestion Flashcards

1
Q

what is the overall goal of nutrition

A

-to deliver a diet that meets nutrient requirements for a specific stage of production in a cost effective way

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2
Q

what is digestion

A

the process by which large complex molecules are broken down into simpler molecules

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3
Q

what are the three major complex molecules

A

proteins
fats
carbohydrates

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4
Q

what are the functions of the digestive food tract

A

-prehension
-mastication
-digestion/fermentation and absorption of feed
-elimination of solid waste

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5
Q

what organs are included in the digestion tract

A

-mouth
-pharynx
-esophagus
-stomach (1,3,4)
-small intestine
-large intestine
-rectum
-accessory glands (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas)

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6
Q

what does the length and complexity of the digestive tract depend on

A

it varies species to species
carnivores have a shorter one
herbivores have a longer one

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7
Q

what is prehension

A

-the manner in which animals harvest and convey feed to their mouth
-they use their lips, teeth, and tongue

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8
Q

what is the diet like of concentrate selectors

A

-low fibre

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9
Q

what is the diet like of intermediate types

A

mix of low fibre and high

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10
Q

what is the diet like of grass/roughage eaters

A

high fibre

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11
Q

how does the mouth help with digestion

A

-teeth/lips grasp and chew the feed
-mix it with saliva before swallowing (lubrication)
-some digestion of carbohydrates due to salivary amylase

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12
Q

what is the purpose of mastication of food

A

-mechanical reduction of the particle size
-increased SA for microbial digestion
-mixes feed and saliva (swallowing)

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13
Q

how do ruminants and chickens masticate their food

A

-ruminants eat quickly then re-masticate at a later time (chewing cud)
-chickens rely on grit in their gizzard to mechanically grind their feed

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14
Q

what are some general traits of monogastric digestion

A

-single stomach
-limited gut capacity
-digestion principally by enzymes
-limited microbial activity(present in large intestine)
-limited ability to digest fiber

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15
Q

what happens once food has traveled down the esophogus and into the stomach in monogastrics

A

stomach serves as a resivoir for short term storage and digestion

enzymes start to break down feed

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16
Q

what enzymes and hormones are found in the stomach of monogastrics

A

-low pH breaks down some feed particles
-HCl
-activation of proteolytic enzymes (pepsinogen to pepsin)
-denaturation of proteins
-hormone secreating area (ghrelin-hunger hormone)

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17
Q

what enzymes are present in the small intestine in monogastrics

A

-presence of bile from gall bladder
-digestive enzymes secreted largely from the pancreas (some from intestinal mucosa)

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18
Q

what are the parts if the small intestine in a monogastric

A

-duodenum
primarily digestive
-jejunum
longest
digestion + absorption
-ileum
primarily absorptive

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19
Q

what makes up the large intestine of a monogastric

A

-cecum
-large area where small and large intestine meet
-hind gut microbial digestion (horses)

-colon (water reabsorption)
-rectum (excretion of waste)
-microbial fermentation occurs in large intestine

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20
Q

what are the functions of saliva in ruminants

A

-lubrication (mastication and bolus swallowing)
-enzymatic activity
-source of nutrients for ruminal microorganisms
-influences nutrient removal rate from rumem
-buffering capacity
-antifoaming agent
-source of antibodies

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21
Q

what four stomaches make up the ruminant

A

-rumen
-reticulum
-omasum
-abomasum

22
Q

what is cud chewing

A

-when animal is resting
-regurgitate ingesta from reticulum
-re-mastication and re-swallowing

23
Q

what is eructation

A

gases generated by fermentation

24
Q

what are some characteristic features of a ruminent

A

-the rumen is the largest stomach compartment
-largest number of papillae

25
Q

what is fermentation vat and what does the rumen do

A

-microbes digest or ferment feeds to make short chain fatty acids (the animals energy supply)
-the rumen absorbs SCFA
-blood supply to rumen walls absorbs SCFA

26
Q

why is it beneficial that the rumen is so big for the animal

A

-allows large meals followed by regurgitation and rumination
-this make it so that the pray animals dont always have to be exposed they can eat lots of food quickly

27
Q

how do the microorganisms in the rumen work

A

-they facilitate digestion under anaerobic fermentation

-contains billions of microorganisms (bacteria, protozoa, fungi, archea)

-they have the ability to digest fiber (hemicellulose and cellulose)

-type of microorganisms change with the type of feed consumed (grain vs forage)

28
Q

how much energy do microbes produce for ruminants

A

they digest fibre to produce 75% of the energy which is absorbed through the rumen wall

29
Q

what are the short chain fatty acids that microbes produce

A

acetate, propionate, butyrate

30
Q

what causes acidosis

A

to much acid production (low pH)

31
Q

what is the main source of protein for ruminants

A

bacteria are comprised mainly of protein and digested as the primary source of protein

32
Q

what vitamins do microbes make

A

k and b
under most conditions cattle with healthy rumens dont need added k/b vitiman

33
Q

what kind of nitrogen do microbes provide to ruminants

A

non protein nitrogen sources (urea, ammonia)

34
Q

what gasses make up the anaerobic environment in the rumen

A

65 CO2
27 CH4
7 N2
.6 O2
.2 H2

35
Q

what is the temperature and pH of the rumen

A

38-41C
extreme pH: 4.5 to 7.2
normal range pH: 6-6.9

36
Q

what things do cattle supply to the microbes to make it a symbiotic relationship

A

-creat anaerobic condition
-cattle break down the food for the microbes

37
Q

what is the reticulum

A

-pouch like structure in forward area of body
-connected to rumen by tissue fold
-honey comb structure
-simular function to rumen

38
Q

what is the esophageal groove

A

allows milk to go straight from reticulum to abomasum

39
Q

what does the omasum play a role in

A

-squeezing and absorbing some of the excess fluids from digesta
-site for SCFA, water, electrolyte absorption

40
Q

what are the physical characteristics of the omasum

A

-compartmentalized via laminae
-globe shaped

41
Q

what is the abomasum

A

-the forth compartment
-true stomach of a cow where acid and some enzymatic digestion occurs
-simular to monogastrics

42
Q

what is the only stomach compartment in ruminates that have glands

A

the abomasum

43
Q

what is the fibre mat in ruminants

A

it sits on top of the liquid portion of the stomach

44
Q

where are the bacteria found in the rumen

A

on the fiber mat and the liquid portion

45
Q

enzymes vs bacteria in rumen vs monogastrics

A

-monog digestion occurs principally by enzyme action plus hind gut fermentation
-ruminant digestion occurs principally by bacterial action. foregut fermentation-bacterial enzymes with further digestion with enzymes post rumen

46
Q

what is the crop in avians

A

feed storage and moistening

47
Q

what is the proventriculus in avians

A

contains HCl and enzymes place of chemical digestion

48
Q

what is the gizzard in chickens

A

muscular stomach- mechanically breaks down food

49
Q

what is the cloaca in avians

A

common chamber for GI and urinary tract

50
Q

what is the vent in avians

A

common exit for GI and urinary tract

ANSC 212 (34 decks)

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