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ANSC 212 > Anatomy and physiology- reproduction (female) > Flashcards

Anatomy and physiology- reproduction (female) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the vulva

A

-exterior of female repo tract
-serves as entrance to internal organs
-accommodates passage of urine

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2
Q

what is the vestibule

A

-general passage to the urinary and repo tract
-extends from the vulva to where urethra opens form bladder
-glands on the wall produce mucous that provides lube during mating
-odors from secretions at the time os estrus have a sexually stimulating effect on the male

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3
Q

what is the phermone

A

odors from secretions in vestibule at the time of estrus have a sexually stimulating effect on the male

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4
Q

what is the vagina

A

-female orgam of copulation and birth canal
-located between vestibule and cervix
-in cow and ewe semen is deposited here whereas in mare and sow at least a portion of the semen is deposited in uterus

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5
Q

what is the cervix

A

-connective tissue with glandular and muscular area
-opening to uterus through which sperm must pass to meet the egg in feertilization
-protects fetus. remains tightly closed
-fetus must also pass through at parturition

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6
Q

what does the uterus consist of

A

the body and the two uterine horns

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7
Q

what is the fallopian tube or oviduct

A

-tube that runs form the ovaries to the uterus
-egg travels down tube form ovary to uterine cavity

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8
Q

what are the functions of the oviduct

A

-carries ovum from the ovary to the uterus
-transport sperm form uterus to infundibulum
-site of fertilization
-fluids secreted provide stable environment for fertilized ovum until it reaches uterus (2-4 days)

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9
Q

what is the ovary

A

-primary female sex organ
-source of follecle or ova
-source of estrogen which is female sex hormone

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10
Q

what are the functions of the uterus

A

-site of implantation of embria
-provedes space for the developing embryo or fetus until its ready to live out of the body
-provides nourishment (uterine milk and maternal body supply)
-serves as passageway for sperm on their way form the vagina to the fallopian tubes

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11
Q

what are primordial follicles

A

the primary sex cells or follicles in the ovaries. they are the fundimental reporductive unit of ovary

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12
Q

what is the ovary like on a sexually immature farm animal

A

dormant

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13
Q

what happens when a female is at maturity

A

one or more follicles start to mature

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14
Q

what are mature follicles called

A

tertiary or graafian follicles

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15
Q

what does the tertiary follicle secret

A

estrogen which initiates sexual activity in females

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16
Q

how many calves must a heifer wean to recoup her development costs

A

5-6

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17
Q

what does the age of puberty influence in farm animals

A

height/size of animal- early puberty stops growth of long bones (plate closure)

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18
Q

what is estrous and estrus

A

estrous- adjective to describe all things related to estrous
estrus- period of time during estrous cycle where animal is in heat

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19
Q

what is monoestrus

A

some wild animals such as fox only have one estrus period per year and are known as monoestrus

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20
Q

what is polyestrous

A

other species have many cycles and are known as polyestrus (pigs, cows)

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21
Q

what are seasonal breeders

A

only show sexual activity during certian times of year (typically fall for spring birth)
sheep, deer, elk

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22
Q

what are induced ovulators

A

ovulate on copulation
rabbits and alpacas

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23
Q

what are the phases of the estrous cycles

A

-proestrus
-estrus
-metestrus
-diestrus

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24
Q

if pregnancy occurs what phase of estrous is prolonged

A

diestrus

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25
Q

what is estrus

A

-day 0 of cycle
-period when female is receptive to breeding
-max production of estrogen
-ovulation takes place about 30 hours after behavior signs have ceased

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26
Q

what is metestrus

A

day 2-4
-starts when estrus ends
-post ovulation period
-the corpus luteum is formed
-develops at cite of ovulation (graafian follicle)
-CL secretes progesterone which prepares uterus for embryo and pregnancy maintenance

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27
Q

what happens when the corpus luteum secretes progesterone

A

progesterone— negative feedback on Gonadotropin-releasing hormone nurons in hypothalamus— reducing estrogen

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28
Q

what is diestrus

A

-day 5-17
-the “luteal phase” max size of corpus luteum
-period of non-sexual receptivity
-if pregnancy doest occur:
repo tract goes to less active state and waits for next cycle
-if pregnancy does occur:
embrio signals its presence of the uterus (maternal recognition)

29
Q

what is proestrus

A

-d 17-20
-phase before estrus
-follicular growth and rising estrogen levels
-mucosal layer of vagina and uterus multiply

30
Q

what happens when the mucosal layer of the vagina and uterus occurs

A

-thickening of the wall of the vagina and increased blood supply to the uterus
-internal repo tract becomes softer or toned in preparation for sperm to transport and fertilization
-happens in proestrus

31
Q

what hormone controls the estrous cycle

A

under control of hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland

32
Q

what is the follicle stimulating hormone responsible for

A

stimulates the development of the follicle (ie maturation of a primordial follicle into graafian follicle)

33
Q

how do follicles grow inder the influence of FSH

A

-follicles grow under the influence of FSH
-the theca cells of the follicle are stimulated to produce estrogen
-follicles increase in size
-produce more estrogen
-estrogen level reaches a certian point
-results in estrus (heat) and the female will allow the male to mate

34
Q

what are the functions of estrus

A

-induce estrogen
-increase uterine motility
-dilation of cervix
-synthesis of cervical mucus
-mammary gland development
-stimulates release of luteinizing hormone

35
Q

how does luteinizing hormone work

A

-follicle develops to point that is ready to ovulate
-LH id released from anterior pituitary likely in responce to increased circulating estrogen
-LH causes the wall of follicle to rupture and release the ovum
-ovulation

36
Q

what is ovulation

A

ovum is released into the infundibulum of the fallopian tube and starts journey down the reproduction tract

37
Q

in ovulation what happens to the crater where the follicle ruptured and ovulated

A

-new tissue begins to develop which eventually develops into corpus luteum
-which secretes progesterone (hormone of pregnancy)

38
Q

what is corpus hemorrhagicum

A

blood filled body

39
Q

what is corpus albicans

A

white body

40
Q

what happens with hormones when the follicle ruptures at ovulation

A

-estrogen levels decline substantually due to loss of theca cells
-female ceases to show signs of estrus
-progesterone feeds back onto pituitary and prevents release of FSH and LH

41
Q

what is progesterone

A

-hormone of pregnancy
-facilitates necessary changes in the uterus
-preparation for the arrival of the embryo from the fallopian tube
-implantation of that embryo in the uterus
-if the animal is pregnant, progesterone is secreted through out pragnancy

42
Q

what are the functions of progesterone

A

-prevents ovulation
-maintains pregnancy
-causes endometrium to thicken
-increases uterine blood supply
-mammary gland development

43
Q

what is the hormonal control of estrus cycle in animals who dont get pregnant

A

-corpus luteum begins to regress in about 12 days
-influenced by secretion of prostaglandins from uterine endometrium (responce to failure of “recognition of pregnancy”)
-regetion of CL decreases progesterone which signals to pituitary to release more FSH to stimulate development of new follicles

44
Q

what is the hormonal control of estrus cycle in animals who does get pregnant

A

CL remains functional throughout most of pregnancy

45
Q

where does fertilization occur

A

on the upper 1/3 of the fallopian tube

46
Q

how does sperm make it to the fallopian tube

A

sperm are propelled due to there own motility
uterine contractions

47
Q

what is the fertilization life span of an ovum

A

about one day after ovulation

48
Q

what part of the ovum must the sperm pass through

A

the zona pellucida in mammals and the vitelline membrane in non mammals
which is the union with the nucleus of the ovum

49
Q

when the sperm passes through the zona pellucida what is the ovum now called

A

a zygote

50
Q

after the zygote is formed what happens

A

-it begins to divide mitotically
-by the time the embryo reaches the uterus it. has developed to about the 16 cell stage (2-4 days)

51
Q

what happens before implantation takes place

A

the embryo is nourished inside the uterus by secretions of the uterus called “uterine milk”

52
Q

how long is implantation

A

it is a gradual process taking a range is 12-60 days in different farm species

53
Q

what is implantation

A

three sets of membrane develops around the embryo as it prepares for attachment to the wall of the uterus

54
Q

what are the three sets of membranes that develops around the embryo

A

-amnion
-chorion
-allantois

55
Q

what is the chorion

A

-the outer most layer of the implantation
-the layer of the embryo that comes in contact with the endometrium

56
Q

what is the amnion

A

-fluid filled sac surrounding embrio
-protects the embryo form shock
-connected to embryo by the umbilical cord

57
Q

what is the allantois

A

-the third set of membrane for implantation
-extension of the urinary system
-grows out of the umbilical cord and lies between the amnion and the chiron
-webbed with blood vessels
-as pregnancy progresses the allantois increases in size
-liquid waste, gas exchange, nutrition

58
Q

what is the placenta

A

it is formed by the fusion of the chorion and the uterine mucosa

59
Q

what are the functions of the placenta

A

-transmition of nutrients
-transmission of waste
-protection of fetus
-prevention of infection
-secretions of hormones

60
Q

what is diffuse placenta attachment

A

entire surface of membranes are involved in formation of placenta
-horses and pigs

61
Q

what is zonary attachment of placenta

A

complete or incomplete band around the fetus

62
Q

what is discord attachment of placenta

A

single attachment
primates/rodents

63
Q

what is cotyledonary attachment of placenta

A

multiple areas of attachment
ruminants

64
Q

what happens if an animal retains its plecenta

A

displaced abomasum, mastitis, ketosis, infection

65
Q

what is a free martin

A

-each developing embryo usually has its own set of membranes
-twins in cattle may have an exchange of blood
-where you have a male and female twin
-Y chromosome causes the female to be infertile
-it is the term used to decribe a heifer born twin to a bull calf

66
Q

what is a way you can detect pragnancy

A

-absence of heat
-rectal palpation/rectal ultrasound
-biological test by measurement of progesterone, urine, or milk
-ultrasound
-doppler (detects fetal heart beat, and placental+fetal circulation)

67
Q

what are some signs of parturation

A

-seeks seclusions
-loss of appetite
-nest building
-increased body temp
-relaxation of vulva
-presents of milk

68
Q

what are the hormones of parturation

A

-ACTH (produced by fetus)
-prostaglandin (destroys CL, contractions)
-estrogen (sensitizes uterus to oxytocin)
-oxytocin (stimulates uterine contractions)
-relaxing (relaxes birth canal)

ANSC 212 (34 decks)

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