Structure of Flowering Plants Flashcards
Name the 3 types of roots.
tap, fibrous, (adventitious)
Describe tap roots. Give eg of a tap root.
one main root which develops from the radicle
Eg: dandelion
Describe fibrous roots. Give eg.
many equal sized roots develop from the base, the radicle dies away.
Eg: grasses
Fibrous roots are mostly common in?
monocots
Describe adventitious roots. Give eg.
roots that do not develop into the radicle.
Eg: fibrous roots, roots at the base of an onion
4 functions of roots?
- anchorage
- absorb water and mineral through the root hairs into the xylem
- transport materials to shoots (in the phloem)
- store food in some plants (carrot, turnip, radish)
Name the 4 zones in a root.
protection, cell production/meristematic, elongation, differentiation
Describe the zone of protection.
the root cap protects the cells as it pushes through the soil
Describe the zone of cell production/meristematic zone.
new plant cells produced here by mitosis,
apical meristems are found in the root tip and in the shoot tip
Describe the zone of elongation.
cells get bigger in size by using growth regulators such as auxins
Describe the zone of differentiation.
where cells develop into 3 types of tissue (dermal, vascular, ground)
What 3 tissue types are there from zone of differentiation?
dermal, ground, vascular
Describe dermal tissue.
protects the plant (has epidermis)
Describe vascular tissue.
Transports Materials (composed of xylem and phloem)
Describe ground tissue.
provides support, found between xylem and phloem
What is a meristem?
where mitosis can occur
Definition of herbaceous plants?
do not contain wood (lignin)
What are woody plants?
contain wood (lignin)
A node is?
the point on a stem at which the leaf is attached
An internode is?
part of the stem between two nodes
What is a bud?
a potential growth point that may develop into a shoot, leaf or a flower
What is a lenticel?
an opening on a stem for gas exchange
Eg of a herbaceous plant?
daffodil
Eg of a woody plant?
chestnut tree
Whats the apical bud?
the tip of the stem
What is the axil?
the angle between the leaf and the stem
Whats a petiole?
the stalk of the leaf
4 functions of stems?
- support the plant
- transport water and minerals upwards from the roots to the leaves and flowers
- transport food downwards from leaves to roots
- may store food
What is lignin?
a fibre found in cell walls which supports the plant and helps transport materials, eg: water
Apical dominance is?
when the apical bud produces growth regulators, these inhibit meristematic tissue from undergoing mitosis,
as a result no side branches form.
if you remove the apical bud you remove apical dominance resulting in a low bushy plant with side branches forming
4 functions of leaves?
- make food (photosynthesis)
- lose water (allowing transpiration occur)
- exchange gases with the atmosphere
- store food (lettuce/cabbage store starch in their leaves)
Leaves are attached to stems at a X?
node
The thin flat part of the leaf is the?
lamina
LAMINA
1) the thinness allows for?
2) the flatness provides?
1) rapid diffusion of gases
2) a large surface area making it well suited for absorbing light
Regarding lenticels in how they are the openings allowing gas exchange, what things go in and out?
oxygen out
carbon dioxide in
water out
Name the 2 types of venation.
parallel
net/reticulate/branched
Venation meaning?
the pattern of veins in a leaf
Parallel venation example? Is it dicot or monocot?
eg: grasses, daffodils.
monocots
Net venation example? Is it dicot or monocot?
eg: roses, buttercups.
dicots
Describe parallel venation.
the veins run alongisde each other
Describe net venation.
the veins are branched
Name the 3 tissues.
dermal, vascular, ground
Function of dermal tissue?
protection (from pathogens and water loss)
Epidermis refers to what tissue type?
dermal
Ground tissue carries out?
photosynthesis
2 ground tissue functions?
stored food and waste,
supports and strengthens the plant
Vascular tissue consists of?
xylem and phloem
Main function of vascular tissue?
transport…
LS stands for?
longitundal section
TS stands for?
transverse section
Xylem is made up of what two types of cells?
vessels and tracheids
Is xylem a living or dead tissue?
dead
Function of xylem?
transports water/minerals,
support
Why is xylem considered dead?
living content dies before maturity (no nucleus)
What type trees are xylem tracheids found in?
coniferous
Xylem vessels form the what in trees?
wood
Give 5 points on why xylem is good at it’s job.
- narrow
- thick walls
- continuous tube
- no cell contents
- water attracted to the walls
Xylem is often found in?
vascular bundles
Is phloem living or dead? Why?
living, as companion cells are alive
Name 2 types of phloem.
sieve tubes,
companion cells
Function of phloem?
transport food
What is a cotyledon?
a seed leaf
Monocotyledons are? An eg?
one seed leaf, eg: grasses, daffodils
Dicotyledons are? An eg?
two seed leaves, eg: broad bean, peanuts
Give 4 differences between xylem and phloem, then 5 structural differences.
X P
carries water minerals v carries food
dead v living
has lignin v no lignin
no companion cells v has them
———————————————————
no nuclei v nuclei in companion cell
continuous tube v not continuous
no sieve plates v sieve plates
pits v no pits
vessels/trachoids v none
Function of root hairs?
absorption
In a TS root, vascular tissue is located where?
centre
In a TS stem, xylem is located where?
centre
In TS of a stem, whats difference between vascular bundles arrangement in monocots and dicots?
monocot = scattered
dicot = arranged in a ring
Difference between leaves in dicots and monocots?
monocots - long, narrow
dicots - broad
Difference between venation in dicots and monocots?
monocots - parallel veins
dicots - network of veins
Difference between flower parts in dicots and monocots?
monocots - multiples of 3
dicots - multiples of 4 or 5
