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Sam - Biology > Food > Flashcards

Food Flashcards

Ch 3

1
Q

Definition of nutrition?

A

the way in which an organism obtains and uses food

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2
Q

Name 3 functions of food.

A
  • growth and repair of cells
  • a source of energy
  • manufacturing of chemicals for metabolism/metabolic reactions
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3
Q

Name 6 common elements found in food.

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
sulphur
phosphorus

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4
Q

Name 5 elements that are dissolved in salts.

A

sodium
magnesium
chlorine
potassium
calcium

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5
Q

Name the 3 trace elements and how much of these are required?

A

only tiny amounts required…
Iron Copper Zinc

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6
Q

Definition of biomolecules?

A

chemicals that are made inside a living thing

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7
Q

Name the 4 major types of biomolecules found in food.

A

carbohydrates,
lipids (fats and oils),
proteins,
vitamins

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8
Q

Name sources of carbohydrates.

A

bread, pasta, potatoes

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9
Q

Carbohydrates are composed of what three elements?

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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10
Q

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in carbohydrates are present in what ratio?

A

1:2:1 ratio

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11
Q

Whats the general formula of carbohydrates?

A

Cx(H2O)y

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12
Q

Whats the formula for glucose?

A

C6 H12 O6

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides,
disaccharides,
polysaccharides

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14
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

single/one sugar unit

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15
Q

Give 2 examples of monosaccharides.

A

glucose, fructose

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16
Q

Describe monosaccharides.

A

simplest and smallest type of carbohydrate.
sweet to taste.
soluble in water.

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17
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

two sugar units

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18
Q

Give 2 examples of disaccharides.

A

maltose, sucrose

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19
Q

Describe disaccharides.

A

sweet to taste.
soluble in water.

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20
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

many sugar units

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21
Q

Give 3 examples of polysaccharides.

A

cellulose, glycogen, starch

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22
Q

Describe polysaccharides.

A

insoluble/slightly soluble in water.
not sweet-tasting.

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23
Q

What are some metabolic roles/functions of carbohydrates?

A
  • glucose made in photosynthesis
  • glucose is broken down to release energy
  • source of energy
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24
Q

What are some structural roles of carbohydrates? (2 are polysaccharide related)

A
  • cellulose makes up cell wall in plant cells
  • animals store glucose as glycogen in muscles and liver
  • plants store glucose as starch in leaves and roots
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25
Q

What are some sources of lipids?

A

butter, oils, margarine

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26
Q

Lipids are composed of what three elements?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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27
Q

Do lipids have a ratio?

A

they do not have a ratio

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28
Q

Whats the difference beetween fats and oils?

A

fats are solid at room temperature.
oils are liquid at room temperature.

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29
Q

The basic unit of lipids is?

A

triglyceride

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30
Q

How are triglycerides formed?

A

one glycerol joined to 3 fatty acids

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31
Q

Where are triglycerides found?

A

in fatty foods

32
Q

How are phospholipids formed?

A

one glycerol joined to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate

33
Q

Where are phospholipids found?

A

in cell membranes

34
Q

What are 2 differences between triglycerides and phospholipids?

A
  • phospholipids have a phosphate group, triglycerides do not.
  • phospholipids have 2 fatty acids, triglycerides have 3 fatty acids.
35
Q

What is a metabolic role of lipids?

A

Energy (storage/source)

36
Q

What is a structural role of lipids?

A

formation of cell membrane

37
Q

Sources of protein?

A

(red) meat, fish, eggs, nuts

38
Q

Proteins are always composed of?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

39
Q

What two things are somtimes present in proteins?

A

sulphur and phosphorus

40
Q

Proteins are composed of?

A

amino acids

41
Q

How many common amino acids are found in proteins?

A

20

42
Q

How do amino acids bond together?

A

peptide bonds

43
Q

What do proteins do to form a 3D shape?

A

proteins are folded

44
Q

Chain of 20 or less amino acids = ?
Chain of more than 20 amino acids = ?

A

= polypeptide
= protein

45
Q

Peptides join together to form?

A

polypeptides

46
Q

Comment on the folding of fibrous proteins.

A

show little or no folding

47
Q

Comment on the folding of globular proteins.

A

lots of folding

48
Q

Comment on the shape of fibrous proteins.

A

form long fibres that are strong and tough

49
Q

Comment on the shape of globular proteins.

A

unrounded shapes

50
Q

What are 3 examples of fibrous proteins?

A

collagen: in bones and tendons
keratin: in hair and nails
myosin: in muscle

51
Q

What are 3 examples of globular proteins?

A

enzymes
hormones
haemoglobin (protein found on red blood cells)

52
Q

Give some metabolic roles of proteins.

A

enzymes: proteins make up enzymes for metabolic reactions.
hormones: regulate body reactions.
antibodies: fight infection

53
Q

What is a structural role of proteins?

A

keratin in hair and nails

54
Q

What are the 2 types of vitamins?

A

fat soluble, water soluble

55
Q

Name a water-soluble vitamin.

A

vitamin C

56
Q

Sources of vitamin C?

A

citrus fruits like lemons or oranges

57
Q

Functions of vitamin C?

A

formation of connective tissues.
growth and maintenance of bones and teeth.

58
Q

Disease caused by deficiency of vitamin C?

A

scurvy

59
Q

Symptoms of scurvy?

A

bleeding gums, loose teeth

60
Q

Name a fat-soluble vitamin.

A

vitamin D

61
Q

Sources of vitamin D?

A

cod liver oil, dairy, eggs, (sunlight)

62
Q

Functions of vitamin D?

A

absorbs calcium for bone and tooth formation

63
Q

Disease caused by deficiency of vitamin D?

A

rickets (children)

64
Q

Symptoms of scurvy?

A

weak, deformed bones that tend to break easily

65
Q

Minerals are required in what amount size?

A

small amounts

66
Q

Name 2 minerals required by animals, a source and their function.

A

calcium (milk, cheese): helps form strong bones and teeth
iron (red meat, green vegetables): helps form haemoglobin

67
Q

Name 2 minerals required by plants, a source and their function.

A

magnesium (soil): formation of chlorophyll
calcium (soil): helps cell walls to attach to each other

68
Q

Minerals are absorbed in form of dissolved salts including? (5)

A

calcium
magnesium
sodium
chlorine
potassium

69
Q

Water makes up what % of cell mass?

A

70-95%

70
Q

Functions of water?

A
  • transport medium (heat, minerals, nutrients
  • acts as a solvent
  • acts as a reaction medium
71
Q

Definition of metabolism?

A

the sum of all chemical reactions that take place in an organism

72
Q

What are the 2 types of reactions?

A

anabolic, catabolic

73
Q

Defintion of anabolic reaction?

A

forming large molecules from small molecules, using energy

74
Q

Definition of catabolic reaction?

A

breaking down large molecules to small molecules, releasing energy

75
Q

Give 2 examples of anabolic reactions.

A

protein synthesis
photosynthesis

76
Q

Give 2 examples of catabolic reactions.

A

respiration
digestion

Sam - Biology (40 decks)

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