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Sam - Biology > Human Nutrition > Flashcards

Human Nutrition Flashcards

Ch 28

1
Q

Herbivores?

A

Animals that feed on plants

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2
Q

Carnivores?

A

Animals that feed on animals only

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3
Q

Omnivores?

A

Animals that feed on plants & animals

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4
Q

Eg of herbivore?

A

Sheep

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5
Q

Eg of carnivore?

A

Cats

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6
Q

Eg of omnivore?

A

Humans

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7
Q

Nutrition?

A

Way in which an organism gets and uses its food

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8
Q

2 types of nutrition?

A

Autotrophs & Heterotrophs

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9
Q

Autotrophs?

A

Make their own food

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10
Q

Heterotrophs?

A

Can’t make their own food, take in food from environment

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11
Q

Eg of autotroph?

A

Plants making food by photosynthesis

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12
Q

Eg of heterotroph?

A

Animals

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13
Q

Types of heterotrophs?

A

Parasites & Saprophytes

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14
Q

Parasites?

A

Food from a live source

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15
Q

Saprophytes?

A

Food from a dead source

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16
Q

Eg of parasite?

A

Fleas, disease-causing bacteria

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17
Q

Eg of saprophyte?

A

Bacteria + fungi that cause decay

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18
Q

Digestion?

A

The physical + chemical breakdown of food

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19
Q

Where does digestive system start & end?

A

Starts at mouth,
Ends at anus

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20
Q

What are attached to digestive system?

A

Associated glands

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21
Q

Name 3 associated glands?

A

Salivary glands,
Liver (+ gall bladder)
Pancreas

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22
Q

Name 4 processes in human nutrition?

A

Ingestion,
Digestion,
Absorption,
Egestion

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23
Q

Ingestion?

A

Taking in of food into digestive system. When food is placed into mouth.

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24
Q

Digestion?

A

Breakdown of food

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25
Q

Absorption?

A

When digested food passes from digestive system and enters into the blood

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26
Q

Egestion?

A

Removal of undigested/unabsorbed waste from the digestive system/human body

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27
Q

2 types of digestion?

A

Physical & Chemical

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28
Q

Physical digestion?

A

Mechanical breakdown of food

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29
Q

When does physical digestion take place?

A

When we chew food or churn it in stomach

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30
Q

What does physical digestion do?

A

Increases surface area so chemical digestion can efficiently take place

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31
Q

Chemical Digestion?

A

Breakdown of food using enzymes

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32
Q

Types of teeth?

A

Incisors,
Canines,
Premolars,
Molars

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33
Q

Function of incisors?

A

Cut + slice

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34
Q

Function of canines?

A

Grip + tear

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35
Q

Function of premolars?

A

Crush + grind

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36
Q

Function of molars?

A

Crush + grind

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37
Q

Where are incisors?

A

Front of mouth

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38
Q

What are canines like?

A

Long, pointed, fang-like

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39
Q

What are premolars like?

A

Large, flat surfaces

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40
Q

Where are molars?

A

Back of jaw

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41
Q

Dental Formula?

A

2(I 2/2 C 1/1 PM 2/2 M 3/3)

42
Q

Upper numbers in dental formula =?

A

No. of teeth on one side of upper jaw

43
Q

Lower numbers in dental formula =?

A

No. of teeth on same side of lower jaw

44
Q

Where does mechanical digestion take place?

A

Mouth

45
Q

How does mechanical digestion take place?

A

Chewing + grinding of teeth on food

46
Q

Where does chemical digestion take place?

A

Mouth

47
Q

How does chemical digestion take place?

A

By action of enzyme amylase

48
Q

Where is amylase found?

A

In saliva

49
Q

Saliva contains?

A

Water,
Salts,
Mucus,
Lysozyme,
Amylase

50
Q

pH of mouth?

A

7

51
Q

Function of epiglottis?

A

Closes over trachea/windpipe and ensures food passes down the oesophagus

52
Q

Function of oesophagus?

A

Carry food to stomach by an involuntary wave of muscular contraction called peristalsis

53
Q

Peristalsis?

A

Wave of muscular action in the walls of the alimentary canal that moves the contents along

54
Q

Can humans digest cellulose?

A

No

55
Q

Eg of fibre source?

A

Wholemeal bread, cereals, fruit/veg

56
Q

What does fibre store/absorb?

A

Water

57
Q

Fibre causes what to expand?

A

Unabsorbed waste

58
Q

What disease does fibre reduce the risk of?

A

Colon cancer

59
Q

What’s the stomach?

A

Muscular bag that holds + digests food

60
Q

Protease?

A

An enzyme that digests protein

61
Q

What’s pepsinogen?

A

Inactive enzyme

62
Q

HCI stands for what?

A

Hydrochloric acid

63
Q

Hydrochloric acid gives stomach a pH of what?

A

1-2

64
Q

Contraction of stomach walls helps what?

A

Churn + digest food mechanically,
Turns into thick soupy mixture called chyme

65
Q

When does chyme leave stomach?

A

In small amounts when a muscle at the base of stomach opens briefly

66
Q

What hormone does pancreas secrete?

A

Insulin (+ digestive materials)

67
Q

Pancreatic juice consists of what?

A

Salt sodium-hydrogen carbonate

68
Q

What does pancreatic juice do?

A

Neutralises chyme from stomach

69
Q

Where is liver located?

A

Under diaphragm

70
Q

Functions of liver?

A
  • Break down RBC’s
  • Make bile (digestive function)
  • Converting excess cabs to fat
  • Stores glycogen
  • Storing Vitamins Eg: A+D
71
Q

Bile is formed from what?

A

Remains of damaged RBC’s

72
Q

Colour of bile?

A

Yellow/green

73
Q

Bile consists of?

A

Water,
Bile salts,
Bile pigments

74
Q

Does bile have enzymes?

A

No

75
Q

Where is bile made?

A

Liver

76
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gall bladder

77
Q

Where does bile enter and through where?

A

Enters duodenum through bile duct

78
Q

Functions of bile?

A
  • Impulsifies lipids
  • Neutralises chyme from stomach
  • Excrete pigments, made from damaged RBC’s
79
Q

How does bile increase surface area?

A

By breaking down large fats+oils into droplets.

80
Q

3 parts of small intestine?

A

Duodenum,
Jejunum,
Ileum

81
Q

Function of duodenum?

A

Carries out digestion

82
Q

Function of ileum?

A

Absorb nutrients

83
Q

Function of Villus/Villi

A

Increase surface area for absorption

84
Q

Food absorbed by (villus/villi)

A

Diffusion

85
Q

Adaptations of villi for absorption?

A
  • Large numbers increase SA
  • Large numbers of microvilli increase Sa
  • Walls only one cell thick
  • Have rich blood capillary supply
86
Q

What’s deamination?

A

Amino acids not used by body, broken down in liver, forming urea

87
Q

What’s inside each villus

A

Lacteal

88
Q

What liquid does each lacteal contain?

A

Lymph

89
Q

What’s transported by lymph?

A

Fats

90
Q

What are absorbed into cells of villus lining?

A

Fatty acids + glycerol

91
Q

Adaptations of the Ilim (small intestine) for Absorption

A
  • very long
  • has numerous villi + microvilli
  • walls of villi very thin
  • rich blood capillary supply to carry water-soluble products away
92
Q

Functions of large intestine?

A
  • absorption of water
  • egestion
  • perystalsis
  • absorb vitamins
93
Q

Below large intestines junction with small intestine is what?

A

Caecum

94
Q

What’s found at end of caecum?

A

Appendix

95
Q

What’s vestigal?

A

Organs that have lost former use

95
Q

What does colon do?

A

Reabsorbs water,
Produces vitamins B+K

96
Q

What’s egestion?

A

Removal of undigested waste

97
Q

What’s a balanced diet?

A

Contains all required food types in the correct proportions

98
Q

Amount of needed food depends on?

A

Age
Activity levels
Gender
Health

99
Q

7 components of balanced diet?

A

Carbohydrate
Protein
Lipid
Vitamins
Minerals
Fibre
Water

100
Q

Foods containing similar nutrients arranged into 4 food groups?

A

Cereals Breads Potatoes,
Fruit Vegetables,
Milk Cheese Yoghurt,
Meat Fish Poultry

101
Q

Food pyramid?

A

Suggested servings for each food group

Sam - Biology (14 decks)

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