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Sam - Biology > Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Human Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

The human reproductive systems are composed of 3 structural levels of organisation, one is a pair of?

A

structures in both males and females to produce sex cells

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2
Q

The human reproductive systems are composed of 3 structural levels of organisation, they have a series of?

A

transport tubes

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3
Q

The human reproductive systems are composed of 3 structural levels of organisation, a number of what?

A

glands to secrete hormones that could control human reproduction

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4
Q

The testes produce? Called?

A

male sex cells (gametes) called sperm

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5
Q

The ovaries produce? Called?

A

female gametes called eggs

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6
Q

Whats a gonad?

A

an organ that produces sex cells in animals

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7
Q

Male gonads are the?

A

testes

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8
Q

In the testes, the temperature is maintained at what degrees to allow what?

A

35 degrees Celsius allowing meiosis to occur producing sperm

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9
Q

The cells between the tubules produce what hormone?

A

testosterone

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10
Q

Each testis consists of a?

A

mass of tubules

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11
Q

Mass of tubules are lined with? What then occurs here to produce what?

A

diploid sperm producing cells, meiosis occurs producing haploid sperm

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12
Q

Function of epididymis?

A

store sperm
/
allow sperm mature
/
transport sperm from testes to sperm duct

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13
Q

Tubules in the testes combine to form?

A

epididymis

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14
Q

Where is epididymis located?

A

outside each testis

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15
Q

If sperm is not released from epidermis what happens?

A

they are broken down and taken back into bloodstream (reabsorption)

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16
Q

The epidiymis leads into the?

A

sperm duct

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17
Q

A vasectomy is a form of what? What does it involve?

A

an operation to cut the sperm duct, a form of male sterilisation

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18
Q

Sperm duct function?

A

carry sperm to the urethra

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19
Q

Wheres the urethra located?

A

tube located in the centre of the penis

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20
Q

Two functions of urethra?

A

releases semen or urine

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21
Q

Prostate gland and Cowper’s glands produce a liquid called?

A

seminal fluid

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22
Q

What is semen?

A

a liquid made of seminal fluid and sperm

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23
Q

What is ejaculation?

A

the release of semen

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24
Q

Sperm is produced by?

A

meiosis

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25
Q

Sperm-producing cells are?

A

diploid

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26
Q

Sperm cells are first produced in?

A

the testes

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27
Q

Whats the name of the tip of the penis?

A

glans

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28
Q

Whats the foreskin?

A

a fold of skin partially covering the glans

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29
Q

At puberty what two hormones are produced by the male pituitary gland?

A

FSH,
LH

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30
Q

What does FSH do?

A

causes the diploid sperm-producing cells in the testes to divide by meiosis and produce sperm

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31
Q

What does LH do?

A

stimulates the testes to produce testosterone

32
Q

During puberty, FSH and LH are produce by?

A

the male pituitary gland

33
Q

What are androgens?

A

male hormones

34
Q

An example of an androgen is?

A

testosterone

35
Q

Testosterone is produced where, when and in what size amounts?

A

by testes in small amounts before puberty

36
Q

Testosterone causes?

A

primary male sex characteristics

37
Q

What are secondary sexual characteristics?

A

features that distinguish males from females apart from the sex organs themselves

38
Q

Give examples of secondary male characteristics.

A
  • deep voice
  • body hair
  • enlarged muscles
  • enlargement of penis
  • wide shoulders
39
Q

Definition of infertility?

A

the inability to produce offspring

40
Q

Whats the main type of infertility in males?

A

low sperm count

41
Q

Give causes of low sperm count.

A
  • persistent smoking
  • alcohol abuse
  • anabolic steroids
  • mumps
42
Q

Give corrective measures for low sperm count.

A
  • IVF

(- changes in diet and lifestyle)

43
Q

Ovaries produce?

A

eggs and female hormones

44
Q

Eggs are produced by?

A

meiosis

45
Q

Each potential egg is enclosed in a cluster of cells forming a? Where is this?

A

follicle in the ovary

46
Q

After puberty about __ eggs are produced by meiosis each month, usually ___ continues to grow and the rest die off.

A

20 eggs, usually 1 continues to grow

47
Q

After meiosis, a haploid egg is surrounded by? What does this produce?

A

graafian follicle, producing oestrogen

48
Q

The follicle matures, forming what and where?

A

forms a swelling on the surface of the ovary

49
Q

How is the egg released?

A

follicle bursts at ovulation

50
Q

Definition of ovulation?

A

is the release of an egg from the ovary

51
Q

Whats a Graafian follicle?

A

fluid filled sac plus haploid egg

52
Q

After ovulation, what happens the follicle? What does it become? What does this secrete?

A

follicle fills with yellow cells and becomes the corpus luteum. this secretes progesterone

53
Q

Progesterone is secreted by?

A

corpus luteum

54
Q

Where does insemination occur?

A

upper vagina

55
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

fallopian tube

56
Q

Where does ovulation occur?

A

ovary

57
Q

Where does implantation occur?

A

endometrium

58
Q

Give the 4 places in order for the pathway of egg.

A

ovary
abdomen
fallopian tube
uterus

59
Q

Fallopian tubes have what at their ends? What does this do?

A

funnels that catch the egg after ovulation

60
Q

The egg is moved along the fallopian tube by?

A

cilia and muscular peristalsis

61
Q

In the fallopian tube what are the 2 fates of the egg?

A

can be fertilised or dies

62
Q

Another word for uterus?

A

womb

63
Q

The outer wall of the uterus is made of?

A

involuntary muscle

64
Q

The inner lining of the uterus is called the?

A

endometrium

65
Q

The lining of the uterus thickens with what each month? Why?

A

thickens with cells and blood vessels in order to nourish the embryo in the event of pregnancy

66
Q

The opening into the uterus is called the?

A

cervix

67
Q

Two functions of the vagina?

A

birth canal,
insemination

68
Q

What are labia?

A

the folds of skin that protect the vagina

69
Q

The vagina is lined with?

A

mucous producing cells

70
Q

Definition of the menstrual cycle?

A

a series of events that occurs every 28 days on average in the female if fertilisation has not taken place

71
Q

When does the menstrual cycle begin and end?

A

begins at puberty and ends at menopause

72
Q

What is menopause?

A

when ovulation and menustration stop happening in a female

73
Q

What happens on the days 1-5 in menstrual cycle?

A

old lining of the uterus/endometrium breaks down and is shed from the body.

loss of blood and tissue through vagina (menstruation/period).

new egg formed by meiosis which is surrounded by the Graafian follicle.

FSH released

74
Q

What happens on the days 6-14 in menstrual cycle?

A

developing graafian follicle produce oestrogen which causes the endometrium to thicken/repair/build up, as well as preventing other eggs from developing

75
Q

What happens on day 14 in menstrual cycle?

A

ovulation occurs when graafian follicle bursts, releasing the egg from the ovary.

egg passes into abdomen of female and on into the funnel of fallopian tube.

egg is then moved along the fallopian tube.

76
Q

What happens on the days 14 -28 in menstrual cycle?

A

remains of the graafian follicle develops into the corpus luteum (yellow body).

this makes the hormone progesterone which causes the endometrium to thicken even more, as well as preventing other eggs forming.

reduction in progesterone levels, causing the lining of the uterus to break down

77
Q

FSH =
Oestrogen =
LH =
Progesterone =

A

pituitary,
ovary/graafian follicle,
pituitary,
corpus luteum

Sam - Biology (41 decks)

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