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Sam - Biology > Monera (Bacteria) > Flashcards

Monera (Bacteria) Flashcards

1
Q

In relation to micro-organisms like bacteria and fungi, describe their distribution in nature.

A

they can survive in all habitats
or
they are found everywhere

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2
Q

Explain the terms sterility and asepsis.

A

S: absence of all (micro) organisms
A: absence of pathogens

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3
Q

Are bacteria prokayotic or eukaryotic? Justify your answer.

A

prokaryotic: without nucleus or without membrane-bound organelles

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4
Q

Bacteria reproduce asexually, name and describe this process.

A

binary fission:
- DNA replicates
- DNA moves to both ends of the cell
- cell elongates
- cell divides in two/two identical cells formed

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5
Q

Explain the term pathogenic.

A

disease causing

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6
Q

Give a possible effect of the misuse of antibiotics.

A

(antibiotic) resistance

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7
Q

What is microbiology?

A

study of microorganisms

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8
Q

What are microorganisms? Give 3 eg’s.

A

small living things, e
g: protists, bacteria, fungi

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9
Q

Comment on cell of monera.

A

unicellular/single celled

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10
Q

Name the 6 parts of the basic structure of a bacterial cell that are always present.

A

cell membrane
cell wall
cytoplasm
ribosome
storage granule
DNA loop

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11
Q

Name the 5 parts of the basic structure of a bacterial cell that are sometimes present.

A

capsule/slime layer
flagella/flagellum
plasmid
mesosome
endospore

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12
Q

Function of cell wall and what is it made up of?

A

protects the cell from swelling with water and bursting. composed of sugars and proteins

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13
Q

Describe the cell membrane.

A

allows certain substances enter and leave, it surrounds the bacteria and is selectively permeable

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14
Q

Function of capsule/slime layer?

A

further protection against other micro-organisms

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15
Q

What does a bacterial chromosome consist of?

A

1 DNA loop

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16
Q

Decribe the plasmid.

A

contains DNA loops, responsible for antibiotic resistance

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17
Q

Describe the cytoplasm.

A

contains ribosomes and storage granules for metabolic reactions/food and waste

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18
Q

Describe the flagella.

A

tail like structures allowing the bacteria to move

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19
Q

What does motile mean?

A

move by themselves

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20
Q

Function of storage granules?

A

stores nutrients, eg: glycogen

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21
Q

What 2 things to mondera not contain?

A

mitochondria or chloroplast

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22
Q

Function of mesosome?

A

aids respiration / cell division

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23
Q

How many shapes of bacteria are there?

A

3

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24
Q

Name the bacterial shapes.

A

spherical/round,
rod,
spiral

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25
Q

Give an example of a round/spherical bacteria.

A

pneumonia

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26
Q

Give an example of a rod bacteria.

A

tetanus (lockjaw)

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27
Q

Give an example of a spiral bacteria.

A

cholera

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28
Q

Endospores are a method of what?

A

survival

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29
Q

Some bacteria can survive in harsh conditions by producing what?

A

an endospore

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30
Q

Describe the main events of endspore formation.

A
  • DNA replicates
  • moves to ends of the cell
  • shrinkage of cytoplasm
  • thick wall form
  • inside original cell
  • encloses DNA
  • cell rounds up
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31
Q

Whats mutation?

A

a change in the amount or strucutre of DNA

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32
Q

Bacteria produce identical offspring as they reproduce ____, there is no ____

A

asexually
variation

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33
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

chemicals that kill bacteria
/
chemicals produced by micro-organisms that inhibit the growth of, or kill, other micro-organisms

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34
Q

What antibiotic was first discovered and by who?

A

penicillin by Fleming

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35
Q

What do antibiotics not affect?

A

viruses

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36
Q

Overusing antibiotics can lead to?

A

the development of resistant bacteria

37
Q

Give 3 ways antibiotic resistance can occur.

A

overuse
misuse
mutation

37
Q

The gene for antibiotic resistance is found on the?

A

plasmid

38
Q

What does antibiotic resistance mean?

A

these bacteria are not affected by the antibiotic thats being used

39
Q

Give 2 potential abuses of antibiotics in medicine?

A

overuse
failure to complete treatment

40
Q

Bacteria get their food in how many different ways?

A

4

41
Q

The ways of getting their food is split into what?

A

autotrophic and heterotrophic

42
Q

Autotrophic meaning?

A

make their own food

43
Q

Two types of autotrophic nutrition for bacteria?

A

photosynthetic bacteria
chemosynthetic bacteria

44
Q

Explain photosynthetic bacteria + eg.

A

chlorophyll absorbs light (sun) to make food
Eg: purple sulphur bacteria

45
Q

Explain chemosynthetic bacteria + eg.

A

make food using energy from chemical reactions
Eg: nitrifying bacteria in nitrogen cycle

46
Q

Chemosynthesis means?

A

the production of food using energy releaed from chemical reactions

47
Q

Two types of heterotrophic nutrition for bacteria?

A

saprophytes
parasites

48
Q

Heterotrophic means?

A

take in food from other organisms

49
Q

Saprophytes are?

A

organisms that take in food from dead organic matter

50
Q

Describe saprophyte as nutrition + eg.

A

take in food from a dead host/dead organic matter, acting as decomposers
Eg: bacteria of decay (in soil)

51
Q

Parasites are?

A

organisms that take in food from a live host and usually cause harm

52
Q

Describe parasites as nutrition + eg.

A

take in food from a live host causing harm
Eg: tetanus, pneumonia

53
Q

Name 5 factors affecting bacterial growth (+1 extra minor one).

A

1) temperature
2) pH
3) pressure
4) external solute concentration
5) oxygen concentration

+) food

54
Q

Bacteria normally grow best between what temp?

A

20 -30 degrees C

55
Q

An unsuitable temperature will do what to the enzymes?

A

denature

56
Q

Cooler/lower temperatures do what to enzymes and bacterial growth?

A

slow

57
Q

Optimum pH for bacteria is?

A

pH 7 = neutral

58
Q

Where in the body has bacteria functioning at a low pH

A

stomach

59
Q

At high pressure, what happens bacteria?

A

bacterial cell walls collapse

60
Q

If external solution is of higher concentration what happens the water?

A

leave bacterial cell

61
Q

If internal solution is of higher concentration what happens the water?

A

enter the cell

62
Q

If external solution is of lower concentration what happens the water?

A

enter the cell

63
Q

Aerobic bacteria require oxygen for what?

A

respiration

64
Q

Do parasitic bacteria require or not oxygen to respire?

A

dont require

65
Q

Faculutative anaerobes respire how?

A

with or without oxygen

66
Q

Obligate anaerobes respire how?

A

only without oxygen

67
Q

Example of obligate anaerobes?

A

tetanus/lockjaw

68
Q

Example of anerobic bacteria?

A

tetanus

69
Q

Example of aerobic bacteria?

A

streptococcus/sore throat

70
Q

2 economic importances of bacteria?

A
  • bacteria lactobacillus is used to convert milk to cheese and yoghurt.
  • genetically modified bacteria produce insulin.
  • vaccine production
  • gut bacteria produce vitamins K and E
  • aerobic bacteria for vinegar production
  • bacteria is essential for nitrogen and carbon cycles
71
Q

2 disadvantages of bacteria?

A
  • cause disease (pathogens), food poison (ecoli), cholera.
  • some cause food decay
72
Q

List 5 stages of bacterial growth.

A
  1. lag
  2. log
  3. stationary
  4. decline
  5. death/survival
73
Q

In lag phase:
growth ? death
birth rate ? death rate

A

=

74
Q

In log phase:
growth ? death
birth rate ? death rate

A

>

75
Q

In stationary phase:
growth ? death
birth rate ? death rate

A

=

76
Q

In decline phase:
growth ? death
birth rate ? death rate

A

>

77
Q

Explain lag phase.

A

very little growth, bacteria are adapting to their environment

78
Q

Explain log phase.

A

numbers rapidly increase, due to ideal conditions

79
Q

Explain stationary phase.

A

slows down with no increase due to the lack of food/space/moisture/oxygen/build up of toxic waste

80
Q

Explain decline phase.

A

numbers decline due to death rate being higher than birth rate/growth

81
Q

Explain death/survival phase.

A

not all die, some survive and form spores known as endospores

82
Q

Batch food processing?

A

organisms go through all phases of the growth curve
or
fixed amount of nutrients added at start
or
bioreactor emptied at end

83
Q

Continuous flow?

A

maintained in one (log or stationary) growth phase
or
nutrients constantly added
or
products constantly removed

84
Q

How dp certain bacteria respond to unfavourable conditions:

A

endospore forms

85
Q

Whats a bioreactor?

A

a vessel/container in which living things are used to make a product

86
Q

Give an example of batch culture processing.

A

antibiotics

87
Q

Give an example of continuous flow processing.

A

single-celled protein

Sam - Biology (41 decks)

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