The Skeleton & Muscles Flashcards
The skeletal and muscular systems work together in most animals to form?
the musculoskeletal system
The musculoskeletal system is controlled by?
the nervous system
Name 4 functions of the skeleton.
support
protection
movement
blood cell production
Discuss support as a function of the skeleton.
the bones of the skeleton provide a rigid framework that holds the body upright
Discuss protection as a function of the skeleton.
the skull protects the brain,
the vertebrae protect the nerves of the spinal cord,
the ribs protect the heart and lungs
Discuss movement as a function of the skeleton.
bones provide a system of rigid levers against which muscles can pull
Discuss blood cell production as a function of the skeleton.
bone marrow makes RBC’s, WBC’s and platelets
Ribs protect what?
the heart and lungs
Vertebrae protect what?
the nerves of the spinal cord
The adult skeleton has how many bones?
206
The skeleton is divided into what two skeleton names?
axial and appendicular
Simple definition of the axial skeleton?
skull and vertebrae
The axial skeleton consists of what?
skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum
The spine has how many bones?
33
The top 24 vertebrae are held together by what
ligaments, move slightly
Function of cartilage with vertebrae?
shock absorbers and protect the vertebrae
Spine/vertebrae is split into how many regions?
5
Name the 5 regions in the spine.
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacrum
coccyx
What are the following bones?
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacrum
coccyx
neck
chest
back
hip
tail
How many vertebrae in the following?
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacrum
coccyx
7
12
5
5
4
The top vertebrae are seperated by?
discs of cartilage
Describe discs of cartilage appearance.
hard outer layer
soft, jelly-like centre
The bottom 9 vertebrae have no discs between them so they what?
fuse together
How many vertebrae are in top and how many in bottom?
24 top
9 bottom
Name the parts that make up top 24 vertebrae.
cervical (neck)
thoracic (chest)
lumbar (back)
Name the parts that make up the bottom 9 vertebrae.
sacrum (hip)
coccyx (tail)
Is it the top/bottom vertebrae that can move/cant move
top = move slightly
bottom = no movement occurs
What does a rib cage consist of?
the sternum and 12 pairs of ribs
All ribs are attached to what?
the vertebrae of the spine
The top 7 ribs are attached to? What are these ribs called?
the sternum/breastbone at the front of the body = true ribs
The next 3 ribs are attached how? What are these ribs called?
attached to each other at the front of the chest by cartilage = false ribs
The bottom 2 ribs are attached how? What are these ribs called?
attached to each other at the front of the chest by cartilage = false ribs
How are the ribs split?
7, 3, 2
Simple definition of appendicular skeleton?
limbs
(or)
pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle
The appendicular skeleton consists of?
limbs, pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle
The pectoral girdle consists of?
the collarbone (clavicle) and the shoulder blade (scapula)
The pectoral girdle forms a connection between?
connection with the vertebral column and with the arms
The pelvic girdle is composed of?
2 halves of the hip joined to the sacrum
Each half of the pelvic girdle consists of how many fused bones?
3
The 2 halves of the pelvic girdle are joined by?
a band of flexible cartilage
The pelvic girdle is fused to what, at where?
to the spine at the sacrum
The pelvic girdle consists of hip bones and the sacrum is conntect to?
the legs
The hollow cavity where the hip bones attach to the sacrum is called?
the pelvis
Difference between tarsal and carpal?
tarsal is a bone in the ankle
carpal is a bone in the wrist
Difference between carpel and carpal?
carpel is the female parts of a plant
carpal is a bone in the wrist
Each limb ends in 5 digits, such as?
fingers/toes
Each limb ends in 5 digits, called what?
pentadactyl limbs
The individual bones of the fingers and toes are called?
phalanges
Each finger/toe has how many phalanges?
3
Big thumb and big toe have how many phalanes?
2
Main biomolecule related to cartilage is?
protein
Cartilage contains a firm but flexible fibrous protein called?
collagen
Cartilage lacks in what?
blood vessels and nerves
For transport, cartilage depends on?
material diffusing throughout the cells that form it
Where is cartilage found?
in the pinna of the ear, the nose, trachea, discs between the vertebrae
3 functions of cartilage?
shock absorber
reduce friciton
protects bone
Name the 3 types of bone.
compact bone, spongy bone, bone marrow/medullary cavity
Long bones like the femur are enclosed by a membrane called?
the periosteum
Periosteum contains?
blood vesels and nerves
The long shaft of a bone is the?
diaphysis
The head of a bone is called the?
epiphysis
The inside of a bone has 3 regions, name them.
compact bone, spongy bone, medullary cavity/bone marrow
The matrif of a compact bone is composed of __% inorganic salts such as ___ and __% ___.
70%, calcium phosphate, 30% protein
(compact bone) : bone cells and protein are both what?
organic
5 functions of compact bone?
strength
rigidy
shape
structure
support
Spongy bone is like compact bone that contains what?
numerous hollows
The spaces in spongy bone are filled with what? What do they do?
red bone marrow, which produced blood cells
Spongy bone is found mostly where?
in the ends (epiphyses) of bones
3 functions of spongy bone?
make blood cells
gives strength
rigidy
The medullary cavity contains?
bone marrow
In young people, bone marrow is full of active what? What does X make?
red marrow, which makes blood components
In adults, the medullary cavity contains what? Give 2 functions of X.
yellow marrow, which can convert to red marrow or store fat
What is an osteoblast?
a bone-forming cell
(bone builder)
Whats the growth plate?
the area between the epiphysis and diaphysis is a long bone within which bone growth occurs
Osteoblasts produce what?
collagen
Growth plates cause what?
increase length of a bone
What are osteoclasts?
is a bone-digesting cell
(breaks down bone)
Innominate bones are known as?
pelvis/hip
Function of the discs?
shock absorption
friction-free movement
articulation
What type of joint is found between vertebrae?
slightly moveable
What tissue fills spaces in compact bone?
(bone) marrow
What happens bone at least 10 times during its life?
dissolved and replaced
Restructuring bone involves what?
bone material being removed from the interior of the medullary cavity and
extra bone material being deposited on the outside of the bone
In bone development, osteoclasts do what?
move around in the medullary cavity digesting the bone that lines the cavity and deposit calcium from the bone into blood vessels
Continual renewal of bone is dependent on?
physical activity/exercise,
hormones,
diet
What happens bones during exercise?
they are stressed,
become thicker and stronger
2 main hormones affecting bone development are?
sex hormones
parathormone
What do sex hormones do to bones?
increase the size
What does parathormone do to bones?
removes calcium
Definition of a joint?
where two or more bones meet
Name the 3 types of joints.
immovable
slightly movable
freely movable
Give examples of immovable joints.
skull and pelvic girdle
Give an example of freely slightly joints.
between vertebrae in the upper spinal column
Immovable joints are _____.
fused
The junction between fused bones is called?
a suture
Immovable joints provide?
strength, support, protection
Slightly movable jooints are seperated by?
pads of cartilage
What affect do ligaments have on slightly movable joints and why?
they limit the amount of movement possible in order to protect the nerves of the spinal cord
In freely movable joints, the ends of the bones are covered with? The bones are seperated by?
cartilage,
a cavity
(freely movable joints) The bones are held in place by ligaments, which?
prevent exessive movement of bones at joints
2 examples of freely movable joints?
ball-and-socket joints, hinge joints
Discuss ball-and-socket joints and give eg.
allow movement in all directions
eg: shoulder, hip
cannot support heavy loads
Discuss hinge joints and give eg.
allow movement in one direciton only
eg: elbow, knee
can support heavy loads
Synovial fluid?
is produced in movable joints to lubricate and reduce friction
Definition of ligament?
attache bone to bone
Definition of tendon?
attach muscle to bone
Ligaments are more flexible when?
when warm
Tendons are mostly composed of?
collagen and some blood vessels
Name a musculoskeletal disorder.
arthritis
Give a cause of arthritis.
wear and tear
Name a treatment for arthritis.
physiotherapy
What happens when muscles contract?
gets shorter, shortens…
Name 3 types of muscle.
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary?
voluntary
Is smooth muscle involuntary or voluntary?
involuntary
Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?
involuntary
Skeletal muscle can contract quickly, but?
tires very easily
Smooth muscle contracts slowly and is?
slow to tire
Cardiac muscle contracts strongly and?
does not tire
Cardiac muscle is found where?
in the heart
Definition of an antagonistic pair?
(is two) muscles that have opposite effects (to each other)
Name an example of an antagonistic pair.
biceps and triceps
Difference between biceps and triceps?
bicep: contract to flex the arm, located at the front of the humerus
tricep: contracts to extend the arm, located at the back of the humerus
