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Sam - Biology > Genetic Crosses and Heredity > Flashcards

Genetic Crosses and Heredity Flashcards

Ch 16

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1
Q

All body cells except reproductive cells are?

A

somatic cells

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2
Q

Somatic cells include? (name 3).

A

cheek, blood, muscle

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3
Q

Definition of gametes?

A

are haploid cells that are capable of fusion

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4
Q

Definition of fertilisation?

A

is the fusion of a male gamete with a female gamete

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5
Q

Definition of allele?

A

form of a gene

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6
Q

What is the locus of a gene?

A

is it’s position on a chromosome

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7
Q

What does dominant mean in terms of alleles?

A

the allele that prevents the recessive allele from being expressed

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8
Q

What does recessive mean in terms of alleles?

A

the allele is masked by the dominant allele

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9
Q

Definition of heredity?

A

the passing on of traits/features from parent to offspring by means of genes

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10
Q

What is a gene?

A

a section of DNA that codes for a particular protein

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11
Q

Where are genes located?

A

on chromosomes

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12
Q

Chromosomes are made up of what two things?

A

DNA and protein

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13
Q

How many genes do we get from each parent?

A

One

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14
Q

Name two types of genes.

A

Dominant and recessive

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15
Q

Definition of genotype?

A

the genetic make-up of an organism (the genes that are present)

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16
Q

Definition of phenotype?

A

the physical make-up, or appearance, of an organism

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17
Q

What does progeny mean?

A

refers to offspring that are produced

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18
Q

Difference between homozygous and heterozygous?

A
  • homozygous: alleles are identical for a trait
  • heterozygous: the alleles are different
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19
Q

What does a punnet square show?

A

the ratio of genotypes of progeny in a genetic cross

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20
Q

What does incomplete dominance mean?

A

neither allele is dominant or recessive with respect to each other

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21
Q

Definition of a pedigree?

A

(a diagram showing ) the genetic history of a group of related individuals

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22
Q

Non-sex chromosomes are called?

A

autosomes

23
Q

Nucleus of each human somatic cell has how many chromosomes? How are they split?

A

46 total,
44 non-sex chromosomes = autosomes,
2 sex chromosomes

24
Q

Give an example of a gender-neutral feature.

A

skin colour

25
Q

Two sex chromosomes are called?

A

X and Y

26
Q

Is X or Y chromosome longer?

A

X

27
Q

XX = what gender?
XY = what gender?

A

female
male

28
Q

Do male or female determine gender of child?

A

male

29
Q

Name some species where the pattern of determination is the reverse.

A

butterflies, moths, birds

30
Q

George Mendel is known as the?

A

‘father of genetics’

31
Q

‘Father of genetics’ is who?

A

George Mendel

32
Q

What did George Mendel examine?

A

pea plants on seven characteristics

33
Q

Where is Mendel from?

A

Austria

34
Q

Describe what exactly Mendel did/found out.

A

he got purple and white pea plants

the purple flowers self-pollinated and so did the white flowers

he made sure he had true breeding plants by looking at many generations produced (purple only produced purple, white only produced white)

35
Q

Mendel’s first law is called?

A

the law of segregation

36
Q

The law of segregation refers to which law?

A

first

37
Q

Describe Mendel’s first law/law of segregation.

A

each trait is controlled by a pair of factors

these factors separate during the formation of gametes

each gamete contains only one factor per trait

38
Q

Mendel’s first law was based on?

A

examining one trait only

39
Q

Difference between monohybrid and dihybrid cross?

A

monohybrid: involves study of a single characteristic
dihybrid: involves the study of two characteristics

40
Q

Describe Mendel’s second law.

A

each member of 1 pair of alleles can combine with either member of another pair

41
Q

What’s the name of Mendel’s second law?

A

law of independent assortment

42
Q

The law of independent assortment refers to which of Mendal’s laws?

A

second

43
Q

Definition of linkage?

A

the genes are located on the same chromosome

44
Q

Definition of sex linkage?

A

a characteristic is controlled by a gene on an X chromosome

45
Q

Does X or Y carry more genes?

A

X

46
Q

Give two examples of sex-linked characteristics.

A

colour blindness,
haemophilia

47
Q

What is haemophilia?

A

inability to clot blood

48
Q

What’s colour blindness?

A

typically we see red, green and blue but being colour blind means inability to distinguish between red from green

49
Q

For a female to be colour blind she needs?

A

two copies of the recessive allele

50
Q

For a male to be colour blind he needs?

A

one recessive allele

51
Q

Give two points on non-nuclear inheritance.

A

most of the DNA (and genes) in a cell is located in the nucleus

small loops of DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts

52
Q

Dihybrid cross crossing heterozygous x heterozygous gives what ratio?

A

9:3:3:1

53
Q

Dihybrid cross crossing heterozygous x homozygous gives what ratio?

A

1:1:1:1

Sam - Biology (24 decks)

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