STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY HATCHER 1

Question 1

Strutcures that are not present on all scale

Answer 1

non penetrative

Question 2

Structures that are present at all sclaes

Answer 2

Penetrative

Question 3

What is structural geol

Answer 3

deals with the origin, kinematics and formation of structures

Question 4

the application of physics to study of rock materials which deals with the propertie and the relationships between forces and the rsulting structures

Answer 4

Rock Mechanics

Question 5

When are joints penetrative?

Answer 5

In Macroscopic only

Question 6

He formulate uniformitarianism in the 18th century? include his occupation and nationality

Answer 6

Scottish farmer, James Hutton

Question 7

He rewrote the works of james hutton in the 19th century

Answer 7

John Playfair

Question 8

What is the doctrine of uniformitarianism?

Answer 8

It states that processes occuring today on and i the earth have probably gone the same in the past and will continue in the future- the present is the key to the past

Question 9

What was the previling notion before uniformitarianism?

Answer 9

Catastrophism - catastrophic events were responsible for geologic process and features

Question 10

What is the Law od Superposition?

Answer 10

Within a layered sequence, a sedimentary or volcanic rocks, the olderst rocks will occur at the base and successively younger rocks will occur at the top unless disturbed

Question 11

Who formulated Law of superposition?

Answer 11

Niels Stensen, Danish Physician

Question 12

This law states that beding planes within sediments or sedimentary rocks from in a horizontal to nealy horizontal oreinatation at the time of eposition

Answer 12

Law of original horizontality

Question 13

What is The law of cross-cutting relationship?

Answer 13

An igneous body or structure that cuts through rocks are always younger

Question 14

What law is used if an igenous body cuts through a rock?

Answer 14

Law of igneous cross-cutting relationship

Question 15

What law is used if structures such as folds and faults cut through a rock?

Answer 15

Law of structural relationship

Question 16

What is law of faunal succession?

Answer 16

assemblage of fossils succed each other in time in a predictable manner

Question 17

What is pumpelly’s rule?

Answer 17

Small structures are a key to mimic the styles and orientations of much larger structures of the same generation within a particular area

Question 18

who formulated pumpelly’s rule?

Answer 18

Raphael pumpelly

Question 19

This rule states that we can visualize the confirguration of a larger structure without ever diretcly observing the entire structure itself

Answer 19

Principle of Self-Similarity

Question 20

Differences in displacement between plates are balanced by

Answer 20

Transform Faults

Question 21

A rock mass in which original position is questionablt with respect to the adjacent terrane or continent to which its is presently attached

Answer 21

Suspect terrane

Question 22

A rock mass that bear no resemblance to the mass to which it is attached and the source may be on the opporsite site of the ocean

Answer 22

Exotic terrane

Question 23

What are the energy sources which drive processes within the earth?

Answer 23

Radioactive decay, Solar and Lunar heat, earth;s gravitational field

Question 24

This is the amount of energy that is never avaiable to do work and will be lost in any energy-consuming process as long as such process is not 100% efficient

Answer 24

Entropy

Question 25

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

Answer 25

Entropy increases with time as more energy is expended

Question 26

How does increase in entropy applied structural geol?

Answer 26

An increase in deformation relative to the underformed state

Question 27

This is the condition of balance involving a state of equilibrium between blocks that occurs within continents and between continents and the adjacent oceans

Answer 27

isostatic balance

Question 28

This is also known as the geochemical cycle

Answer 28

Rock cycle

Question 29

What are the stages of wilson or tectonic cycle?

Answer 29

1. Openining of an ocean basin producing traling plate margin 2. production of basin is terminated by the formation of subduction zones along the trailing margin and form volcanic island arc offshore or continental magmatic arc in a continent. 3. It ends in the continent-continent collison, and closing of an olf ocean

Question 30

Airy

Answer 30

Same Density, Different Thickness

Question 31

Pratts

Answer 31

Different Density, Same Depth