STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY HATCHER 1 Flashcards
Strutcures that are not present on all scale
non penetrative
Structures that are present at all sclaes
Penetrative
What is structural geol
deals with the origin, kinematics and formation of structures
the application of physics to study of rock materials which deals with the propertie and the relationships between forces and the rsulting structures
Rock Mechanics
When are joints penetrative?
In Macroscopic only
He formulate uniformitarianism in the 18th century? include his occupation and nationality
Scottish farmer, James Hutton
He rewrote the works of james hutton in the 19th century
John Playfair
What is the doctrine of uniformitarianism?
It states that processes occuring today on and i the earth have probably gone the same in the past and will continue in the future- the present is the key to the past
What was the previling notion before uniformitarianism?
Catastrophism - catastrophic events were responsible for geologic process and features
What is the Law od Superposition?
Within a layered sequence, a sedimentary or volcanic rocks, the olderst rocks will occur at the base and successively younger rocks will occur at the top unless disturbed
Who formulated Law of superposition?
Niels Stensen, Danish Physician
This law states that beding planes within sediments or sedimentary rocks from in a horizontal to nealy horizontal oreinatation at the time of eposition
Law of original horizontality
What is The law of cross-cutting relationship?
An igneous body or structure that cuts through rocks are always younger
What law is used if an igenous body cuts through a rock?
Law of igneous cross-cutting relationship
What law is used if structures such as folds and faults cut through a rock?
Law of structural relationship
What is law of faunal succession?
assemblage of fossils succed each other in time in a predictable manner
What is pumpelly’s rule?
Small structures are a key to mimic the styles and orientations of much larger structures of the same generation within a particular area
who formulated pumpelly’s rule?
Raphael pumpelly
This rule states that we can visualize the confirguration of a larger structure without ever diretcly observing the entire structure itself
Principle of Self-Similarity
Differences in displacement between plates are balanced by
Transform Faults
A rock mass in which original position is questionablt with respect to the adjacent terrane or continent to which its is presently attached
Suspect terrane
A rock mass that bear no resemblance to the mass to which it is attached and the source may be on the opporsite site of the ocean
Exotic terrane
What are the energy sources which drive processes within the earth?
Radioactive decay, Solar and Lunar heat, earth;s gravitational field
This is the amount of energy that is never avaiable to do work and will be lost in any energy-consuming process as long as such process is not 100% efficient
Entropy
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
Entropy increases with time as more energy is expended
How does increase in entropy applied structural geol?
An increase in deformation relative to the underformed state
This is the condition of balance involving a state of equilibrium between blocks that occurs within continents and between continents and the adjacent oceans
isostatic balance
This is also known as the geochemical cycle
Rock cycle
What are the stages of wilson or tectonic cycle?
- Openining of an ocean basin producing traling plate margin 2. production of basin is terminated by the formation of subduction zones along the trailing margin and form volcanic island arc offshore or continental magmatic arc in a continent. 3. It ends in the continent-continent collison, and closing of an olf ocean
Airy
Same Density, Different Thickness
Pratts
Different Density, Same Depth
