Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GLE 2024 (Day 1) > STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTATION (GLACIER) > Flashcards

STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTATION (GLACIER) Flashcards

1
Q

How much of Earth’s and surface is coverd by glacier?

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Thick ice mass formed over hundreds or thousands of years

A

Glacier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Processes in Glacier formation

A

Accumulation
Compaction
Recyrstallization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Small glaciers which occupy lofty mountains bounded by precipitous rock walls and is a stream of ice that flows downvalley from a snow accumulation center near its head

A

Valley Glacier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A longer than wide type of valley glacier

A

alpine Glacier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

An example of Valley Glacier in Alaska

A

Hubbard Glacier,
Yukon Territory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Larger than valley glaciers, enrmous masses flow out in all directions from one or more snow accumulation centers and completely obscure all but the highest areas of the underlying terrain

A

Ice Sheet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ice sheet in the northern hemisphere

A

Greenland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ice sheet in the southern hemisphere

A

Antarctica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The date in history that glacial ice covered large portions of N America, Europe and Siberia some 18000 years ago

A

Last Glacial Maximum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is Arctic Ocean covered by glacier?

A

No, it is coverd by Sea Ice which is much thinner than Glaciers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Do glaciers form on water?

A

No they form on land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Largest Island on Earth sitauted between 60-80 deg N Lat

A

Greenland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How much of Greenland is covered by ice sheet?

A

80% or 1.7M sq.KM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the thickness of Glacier in Greenlan

A

1500 m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the max thickenss of Antarctic Ice Sheet

A

4300 m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How much are is covered by Antarctic Ice Sheet

A

13.9 M sq.km. / 5460000 sq miles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How much area is covered by Ice Shelves in Antarctic

A

1.4 M sq km / 546000 sq.miles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the proper term for Greenland and Antarctic

A

Continental Ice Sheets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Large, relatively flat masses of floating ice that extend seaward from the coast but remain attached to the land

A

Ice Shelves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Largest Ice shelves on Earth

A

Ross and Ronne-Filcher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Type of glacier covering uplans and plateaus which completely bury the underlying landscape but are smaller than conitental-scale feature

A

Ice caps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Type of glaciers that occupy Broad lowlands at the bases of a steep mountain and form when one ot more valley glaciers emerge from the confining walls of mountain valleys

A

Piedmont Glacier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Largest piedmont Glacier in Alaska

A

Malaspina Glacier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Toungues of ice which are valley glaciers which are avenues for ice movement from an ice cap or ice sheet through mountainous terrain to the sea extending outward from the margins of these larger ice masses

A

Outlet Glacier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Forms of Ice Movement

A

1) Plastic Flow
2) Basal Slip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

At which depth does Ice begin to behave plastically

A

50 m or 165 feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

This happens when the entire mass of ice slips along the ground

A

Basal Slip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

which portion of the glaciers move slower due to frictional drag?

A

Lower portion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The uppermost 50 meters portion of a glacier

A

Zone of Fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Gaping cracks in the uppermost part of glaciers caused by tension when glaciers move along irregular terrain

A

Crevasses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

In which part of the glacier is flow the greatest?

A

at the center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Glacier in Switzerland in which movement of ice has been studied

A

Rhone Glacier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

extreme rapid advance of glaciers

A

surges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the ranking of antarctica based on the size of continents?

A

5th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The Coldest, Windiest and Highest average elevation

A

Antarctica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Latitude of Antarctic Circle

A

66.5 S Lat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Type of climate in which the ave temp of the warmest month is 0 deg celsius or 32 F

A

Ice Cap Climate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Land formation which separates East from West Antarctica

A

Transantarctic Mountains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Highest peak in Antarctica

A

Vinsons Massif

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The raw material from which glacial ice originates

A

Snow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The zone where snow accumulates and ice forms which thickens the glacier and promotes movement

A

Zone of Accumulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Outer limits of zone accumulation which is sea level in polar regions and 5000m in places near the equator

A

Snowline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Zone where there is a net loss to the glacier as snow from the previous winter melts as well as some glacial ice

A

Zone of Wastage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The process of breaking large pieces of the glacier on its front part which creates Iceberg especially in places where glacier has reached the sea or lake

A

Calving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

how much of icebergs’ mass are submerged in water

A

more than 80%

47
Q

The balance or lack of balance between the accumulation at the upper end of the glaicer and loss at the lower part of the glacier

A

Glacial Budget

48
Q

When does a glacier is said to be receding?

A

When forward movement is so slow to offset the rate of wastage

49
Q

What is plucking?

A

Meltwater goes into cracks and joints of the rock floor of glaciers and freezes. As it expands, it exerts tremendous presure and breaks the rock

50
Q

What is Abrasion?

A

Processes of smoothening the bedrock when the ice loaded with rock fragments slide over it.

51
Q

The pulverized rock produced by glacial gristmill

A

Rock Flour

52
Q

Long scratches and grooves embedded into the bedrock due to abrasion which can denote glacial movement

A

Glacial Striations

53
Q

When do glacier produce striations?

A

When the rock fragments carried by the ice are large

54
Q

Factors that affect differential erosion by ice

A
  1. Rate of Movement
  2. Thickness of ice
  3. Qualities of rock containe at the base of the ice
  4. Erodability of the bedrock
55
Q

U-shaped valleys formed as glacier widens and deepends them

A

Glacial Trough

56
Q

Valleys left by tributary glaciers that are left standing above the trunk glacier or glacier trough

A

Hanging Valleys

57
Q

Bowl-shaped valley which have precipitous walls on three sides but are open on the downvalley side and is the focal point of the glacier’s growth because it is situated within the zone of accumulation

A

Cirque

58
Q

A lake that usually occupies the cirque basin after the glacier melt away

A

Tarn

59
Q

Sinuous sharp-edged ridges formed by glaciers

A

Aretes

60
Q

Sharp, pyramidlike peaks formed by glaciers

A

Horns

61
Q

Famous Horn in Switzerland

A

Matterhorn

62
Q

Deep, often spectacular, steep side inlets of the sea that exists in many high-latitude areas of the world where mountains are adjacent to the ocean forme when the ice melts an the remnant glacial trough was submerged due to sea level rise

A

Fjords

63
Q

An all embracing term for sediments of glacial origin no matter how, where, or ,in what form they were deposited

A

Glacial Drift

64
Q

A type of glacial drift deposited directly by glacier deposited as ice melts and drops its load of rock debris; Poorly sorted

A

till

65
Q

A type of glacial drift deposited by the glacial meltwater that are well sorted according to size and weight

A

Stratified Drift

66
Q

Boulders found in the till or lying free on the surface that are unrelated to the bedrock

A

Glacial erratics

67
Q

Simply layers or ridges of Till

A

Moraines

68
Q

Ridges along the sides of the valley left from the large quantities of debris of valley walls formed by erosion of valley glacier

A

Lateral moraines

69
Q

Formed when two valley glaciers coalesce to form a single ice stream thus the till that was formerly on the edges now form a single dark stripe of debri in te middle of the newly enlarged glacier

A

Medial moraine

70
Q

a ridge of till that forms at the terminus of a glacier an is formed when a state of equilibrium is attained between wastage and ice accumulation - in a state of quilibrium

A

End Moraine

71
Q

Forms when gently rolling layer of till is deposited as the ice front recedes and has leveling effect which usually fills low spots and clogging old stream channels

A

Ground Moraine

72
Q

The very first end moraine to form which marks the farthers advance of the glacier

A

Terminal End Moraine

73
Q

The end moraines that forms as the ice front occasionally stabilizes during retreat

A

Recessional End Moraine

74
Q

A ramplike accumulation of stratified drift found adjacent to the downstream edge of most end moraines and is formed in ice sheets when metlwater loses velocity and drop much of its bedload

A

Outwash Plain

75
Q

A ramplike accumulation of stratified drift found adjacent to the downstream edge of most end moraines and is confined in mountain valley when metlwater loses velocity and drop much of its bedload

A

Valley Train

76
Q

A pockmarked basins or depressions on end moraines, outwash plains, and valley trains that is formed when a block of stagnant ice was buried in dirft and eventually melt leaving pits with glacial sediment. Usually does not exceed km in diameter

A

Kettles

77
Q

Streamlined assymetrical hills compose of till with height range of 15-60m and length of 0.4-0.8 km formed in the zone of flow within an active glacier

A

Drumlins

78
Q

clusters of drumlins

A

Drumlin Field

79
Q

What directions is denoted by the steep side of the hill?

A

The direction from which the ice came from

80
Q

What direction is denoted by the gentle side of the hill?

A

The diection to which the ice moved

81
Q

Sinouos ridge of sand and gravel landforms found in places the were once occupied by glaciers an is formed by deposition of stream flowing in tunnels beneath the ice near the terminus of glacier - Stratified Drift

A

Eskers

82
Q

Steep-sided hills form when meltwater washes away sediments into openings or depression of stagnatn wasting terminus of a glacier thus when ice melts, the stratified drift is left as mounds or hills

A

Kames

83
Q

Other effects of glaciers?

A

1) Extinction of Ogranisms
2. Crust subsidence and rebound
3. Sea Level Change
4. Change of Drainage Patterns

84
Q

A bay in canada currently experiencing crustal rebound

A

Hudson Bay

85
Q

The largest proglacial lake to form during the Ice Age in North America

A

Lake Agassiz

86
Q

Lakes that are relatively small and short lived which are formed as ice sheets and alpine glaciers act as dams trapping glacial meltwater and trapping the flow of rivers. Situated between the ice sheet and sloping land on the other side.

A

Proglacial Lakes

87
Q

Whats the implication to sea level when ice sheets increase in size?

A

Sea Level falls and shoreline moves seawards

88
Q

Lakes in semi arid and arid environment which were formed due to lower evaporation rates and moderate precipitation rates caused by the presence of glaciers

A

Pluvial Lakes

89
Q

This is a pluvial lake formed in North America

A

Lake Bonneville

90
Q

Remnant of Lake Bonneville un Utah

A

Great Salt Lake

91
Q

This is a complex period characterized by a number of glacial ice advance and withdrawal

A

Ice Age

92
Q

Rate of glacial or interglacial cycles

A

100,000 years

93
Q

Age of Antarctic Ice Sheet

A

30 Million Years

94
Q

Sedimentary rock formed when glacial till becomes lithified

A

Tillite

95
Q

how many precambria glacial episodes are there?

A

2 (2Ga and 600Ma)

96
Q

Causes of Ice Ages?

A

1) Plate Tectonics

97
Q

How does plate tectonics contribute to ice age?

A

1) The position of the continents
2) Climate Change due to changing positions of continents

98
Q

What explains the alternation between glacial and interglacial climates?

A

Milankovitch Hypothesis

99
Q

Who formulated Milankovitch Cycles?

A

Milutin Milankovitch

100
Q

Whats the main premise of Milankovitch Hypthesis?

A

Earth’s climate is principally controlled by variation in incoming solar radiation

101
Q

Variations in the shapes of Earths Orbit around the sun

A

Eccentricity

102
Q

Change in the angle of Earth’s Axis

A

Obliquity

103
Q

Wobbling of Earth’s Axis

A

Precession

104
Q

Cycle of change in exccentricity

A

100,000 years

105
Q

Cycle of change in obliquity

A

41,000 years

106
Q

Current axis of rotation of earth

A

23.5 degrees

107
Q

Maximum tilt?

A

24.5 degrees

108
Q

Minimum Tilt?

A

22 degrees

109
Q

Cycle of Earth’s wobble

A

26,000 years

110
Q

current star where the axis points at

A

North Star

111
Q

The alternate star in terms of precession

A

Vega

112
Q

What is the indication of the increase in CO2 and Methane in the atmosphere

A

Increase in termperature

113
Q

Why is sunlight unable to warm the planet during ice age?

A

Because surface are mostly covered with ice and sunlight or energy is relected back to space

114
Q

other factors that enable ice age?

A

1) Decrease in Greenhouse gases
2. Reflectivity of Earth’s Surface
3. Ocean Circulation

GLE 2024 (Day 1) (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions