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GLE 2024 (Day 1) > GENERAL GEOLOGY (CRUSTAL DEFORMATION) > Flashcards

GENERAL GEOLOGY (CRUSTAL DEFORMATION) Flashcards

1
Q

A general term that refers to the changes in the shape or position of a rock body in response to DIFFERENTIAL STRESS

A

Deformation

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2
Q

The forces that deform rocks

A

Stress

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3
Q

Stress applied uniformly in all direction

A

Confining pressure

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4
Q

Stress applied unevenly

A

Differential Stress

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5
Q

Different types of Differential stress

A

Compressive

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6
Q

Change in shape caused by stress

A

Strain

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7
Q

Stress: Force = Strain :

A

Resulting Deformation (Distortion) or change in the shape of rock body

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8
Q

Three types of Deformation

A

Elastic

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9
Q

Temp and Deformation relations

A

Higher the temperature (below Earth’s Surfcae) the more ductile defromation
The Lower the temp (at or near surface) Rocks are brittle and tends to fracture

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10
Q

Confininig Pressure Effects on Rocks

A

The more the pressure the more rocks becomes stronger and harder to break since it is being squeezed and tend to BEND rather than Fracture

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11
Q

Weakest naturally Occuring solid to exhibit Ductile Flow

A

Glacial Ice

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12
Q

What type of deformation is exhibited by Strong Rocks such as Igneous and Met qtz-rich rocks

A

Brittle

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13
Q

Type of deformation exhibited by weak sed rocks that contain zone of weaknesses such as foliations

A

Ductile

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14
Q

Strong Rocks:Brittle = Weak Rocks

A

Ductile

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15
Q

Why is there salt diapirs

A

Because of the ductile flow of rock salt

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16
Q

Tectonic Forces Slowly Applied: Ductile = ________ : Fracture

A

Tectonic Forces Swiftly Applied

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17
Q

Series of Wave Like Undulations of Rocks

A

Folds

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18
Q

Type of Differential Stress that creates folds

A

Compressional

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19
Q

Imaginary axis where each layer is bent during folding

A

Hinge line or hinge

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20
Q

A surface that connects all hinge lines

A

Axial Plane

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21
Q

parts separated by axial plane

A

limbs

22
Q

Arise by upfolding or arching of sed layers

A

Antiform

23
Q

Arise by upfolding of sed layers in which the oldest strata are found in the center

A

Anticline

24
Q

Downfolds or troughs of sed layes

A

Synform

25
Q

Synform with the youngest layer at the center

A

Synclines

26
Q

Types of Folds

A

Symmetrical

27
Q

When the hinge line tens to slope downwards it is said to be

A

Plunging Fold

28
Q

Broad upwarping in basement rocks that deform the overlying cover of sed strata and generate large folds known as

A

Domes

29
Q

Why type of igneous intrusion usually form structural domes

A

Laccoliths

30
Q

These are economically important rocks structures because when salt migrate upward, the surrounding oil-bearing sed strata deforms to form oil reservoir

A

Salt Domes

31
Q

Downwarped structures having gentle sloping beds similar to saucer bowl which are create by gian meteorite impacts

A

Structural basins

32
Q

Large STEP LIKE (literally parang baitang sa hagdan) folds in other wise known horizontal Strata which appear to have resulted from reactivation of ancient STEEP DIPPING REVERSE FAULTS located in the basement (Pag nagfulating sa baba susunod ung sediments sa taas)

A

Monoclines

33
Q

Brittle Deformation which leads to fracturing and displacement of Earth’s Crust

A

Faults

34
Q

faults in which movement is primary dipping or incline to the fault surface

A

Dip-Slip

35
Q

Rock surface immediately above the fault

A

Hanging Wall Block

36
Q

The Rock Surface immediately below the fault

A

Footwall Block

37
Q

Long Low Cliffs created along dip slip faults due the vertical displacement

A

Fault Scarps

38
Q

Types of Faults

A

Normal Fauts

39
Q

Uplifted fault blocks which forms the ranges in a fault block mountains and the source of sediments in the basins formed by grabens

A

Horst (hill)

40
Q

Downdropped fault blocks which constitute the basins

A

Graben (Ditch)

41
Q

Fault blocks that have tilted downward but not totally down dropped

A

Half-Graben

42
Q

A nearly horizontal fault formd When the slopes of large a series normal faults decreases with depth and eventually join together (MAMA FAULT) which also represent a major boundary between rocks with ductile deformaton and rocks with brittle deformation

A

Detachment Fault

43
Q

Earthquake w/c led to the discovery of strike slip faults

A

1906 San Francisco Equake

44
Q

When the opposite side of the fault moves to the right when you are facing it

A

Right Lateral Strike Slip

45
Q

Example of Dextral Fault

A

San Andreas

46
Q

Examples of Sinistral Fault

A

Ph Fault and Great Glen Fault, Scotland

47
Q

Major Strike slip faults which slice through the earth’s crust and accomodate motion between two tectoic faults

A

Transform Faults

48
Q

Example of Major Transform Faults

A

1) San Andreas, California
2) Alpine Fault, NZ
3) Dead Sea Fault, Midle East
4) North Anatolian fault, Turkey

49
Q

These formations usually mark large strike slip faults

A

1) SAG PONDS
2) LINEAR VALLEYS

50
Q

Fractues along which no appreciable displacement has occurred

A

Joints

51
Q

Formed when igneous rocks cools and develop shrinkage fractures that produce elongated pillarlike colums

A

Columnar Joints

52
Q

Process which creates curved joints that is nearly parallel to the surface of large exposed igneous bodies such as batholits and results from gradual expansion that occrus when erosion removes the overlying load

A

Sheeting

GLE 2024 (Day 1) (34 decks)

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