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GLE 2024 (Day 1) > STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTATION (DEEP MARINE) > Flashcards

STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTATION (DEEP MARINE) Flashcards

1
Q

Largest area of sediment accumulation on Earth

A

Deep Marine

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2
Q

How much of the area of the globe is occupied by ocean basins?

A

71%

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3
Q

Deeply incised steep sided erosional features that commonly cut continental slopes and which act as conduits for the transfer of water and sediment from the shelf and usually cnotrols the formation and position of submarine sea fans

A

Submarine Canyons

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4
Q

Flas surfaces interruptions over isolated hotspots which can be wholly submarine or may build up above water as volcanic islands

A

Seamounts/Guyot

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5
Q

Deepest part of the oceans formed in regions of subductions

A

Trenches

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6
Q

Mariana Trench is what kind of trench?

A

Starved

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7
Q

Remobilisition of mass of poorly sorted sediment rich mixture from the edge of the shelf or the top of the slope

A

Underwater Debri Flow

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8
Q

What characterizes the top surface of a submarine debris flow?

A

Grading up ito finer deposits due to dilution of the upper part

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9
Q

Dilute mixtures of sediment and water moving as mass flows under the influence of gravity and is the most important mechanism for moving coarse clastic materials in deep marine

A

Turbidity Currents

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10
Q

Deposits which can range from few mm to tens of meters ad are carried by flows with seds concetration of a few parts per thousands to 10%

A

Turbidites

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11
Q

Dilute: Turbidity Currents: Dense:

A

Density Currents

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12
Q

Low Density: Bouma Sequqnce = High Density turbidites:

A

Lowe Sequqnce

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13
Q

Low Efficiency system vs High Efficiency System

A

LES when sandy sediments are carried only short distance and tends to accumulate at the Basinal Margins with less mud

HES when sandy materia are hundreds of Kilometers tends to accumulate far from the basin margins and is muddy

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14
Q

An area near the basin margin where sediment is not deposited and there may be scouring of the underlying surface

A

Bypass Zone

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15
Q

Flow associated with triggering of Turbidity and Density currents

A

Quasisteady flow

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16
Q

A body of sediment on the sea florr deposited by mass flow prcesses that may be fan shaped but more elongate , lobate geometries are also common

A

submarine fan

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17
Q

Clastic: Submarine fans = Carbonate seds:

A

Slope-Apron System

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18
Q

Architectural elements/Components of a submarine fan system

A

1) Channels
2) Lobes
3) Sheets

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19
Q

These are components of a fan system where in sediment and water are funneld by scours that are not incised into bedrock but are rather into underlying submarine fan deposits

A

Submarine Channels

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20
Q

Deposits in submarine channels

A

Thick Sturctureless Coarse Sands to granule (Ta-b, S1-3)

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21
Q

Formed by the lateral spilling out of dilute portions of the flow which contains sand silt and mud and spreads out with a low angle, wedge shaped geometry

A

Submarine Channel Levee

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22
Q

deposits in submarine levee

A

Thiniing Tce Tde

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23
Q

Forms at the istal ends of channels where turbidity currents spra out

A

Depositional lobe

24
Q

Depsitional characteristics of lobe progradation

A

Coarsening up

25
Q

These contains most complete bouma sequence

A

Depositional Lobes (Ta-e or Tb-e)

26
Q

Deposits of turbidity current that are not restricted to deposition on a lobe

A

Turbidite sheets

27
Q

Four Submarine systems

A

1) Gravel dominated
2) Sandy
3) Mixed Sandy and Mus
4) Muddy

28
Q

Parts and corresponsing architerctural elements*
Not applied for gravel and muddy systems

A

Upper Far(Inner fan) Channel and Levees
Mid Fan Deposiional lobes
Lower Fan Sheets

29
Q

Source of Gravel domnated systems

A

Braided rivers or alluvial fas

30
Q

Source of Sand rich systems which are less efficient and is chraracterized by high density (70% sand)

A

Shallow Marine

31
Q

Source of Mixed sand and Mud which are high efficient (30-19% sand)

A

River/delta system

32
Q

Largest sumarine fans systems are fed by with very elongate lobes and most of the sands are restricted to the channel

A

Large Rivers

33
Q

Flute Marks: Flow Direction= _______________: Axis of Flow

A

Groove Marks

34
Q

Which of the bourma sequence can be measured and use as a paleocurrent idicator?

A

Tc- Cross Laminated

35
Q

Sucession on prograding fan sequence

A

Thin Turbidite Sheets
Coarsening Up Lobe deposits
Thin Sands levee deposits
Coarse Sand to Granule Channel deposits

36
Q

depositional systems on cotinental slopes and adjacent parts of the basin floor that are not fed by discrete point source (Kumbaga sabog ang flow at hindi focused)

A

Slope Apron

37
Q

Block of rocks in a debris avalance

A

Olistoliths

38
Q

Reworked sand from the edge of the shelf

A

Spill-over sand

39
Q

Deposits removbilized by Geostrophic or Thermohaline currents that flow along the sea floor parallel to the bathymetric contours of the continental margin

A

Contourites

40
Q

Pelagic means

A

Open Ocean

41
Q

Wind blown Suspened material that was loating in the ocean away from the shorelines and has settled on the sea floor

A

Pelagic sediments

42
Q

organism that contribute to calcareous ooze

A

1) Forams
Nannoplanktons
2) Chrysophyte Algae
3) Coccoliths

43
Q

Organism that form siliceous ooze

A

Diatoms 5-50microns
Radiolarians 5-500 microns

44
Q

Lithification of Calcaerous ooze forms

A

Pelagic Mudstone

45
Q

Lithification of Siliceous Ooze

A

Chert

46
Q

Which is slower to form?

A

Silicerous ooze

47
Q

Unstable Opal alters to

A

Chalcedont (Radiating)

48
Q

Primary Chert: Deeep Sea = Secondary Chert:

A

Nodular in a host limestone

49
Q

depths at which calcite starts to dissolve

A

Lysocline (3000m)

50
Q

Depths at which calcite compeletelt dissolve

A

Caclcite Compensation Depth (4000m) not contsant

51
Q

this marks the depth at which opaline silica dissolves because of pressure which is usually 6000 m

A

Opal Compensation Depth (OCD)

52
Q

Red brown mudrocks are indicative of

A

Hadal zones

53
Q

Fine grained sediment that is dervie from a nearby continent

A

Hemipelagic

54
Q

Minerals that precipitate directly on the sea floor

A

Chemogenic ocean deposits

55
Q

Silica that can be chemogenic

A

Zeolites

56
Q

Black Smokers: Iron Sulfides = White smokes:

A

Barite and Calcium Silicates

57
Q

Important fossil indicator of mudrocks formed at ocean basins

A

Graptolites

GLE 2024 (Day 1) (34 decks)

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