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GLE 2024 (Day 1) > STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTATION (MARINE AND TIDES) > Flashcards

STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTATION (MARINE AND TIDES) Flashcards

1
Q

The shape and depth of the Sea ,
Ocean’s depth relative to Sea level

A

Bathymetry

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2
Q

Ave depth of Spreading Ridges

A

2,500 km

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3
Q

Ave depth to Ocean Floor

A

4,000-5,000 km

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4
Q

Ave depth in Trenches

A

10,000 km

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5
Q

What marks the transition from Oceanic to Continental Crust

A

Continental Rise-Continenal Slope

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6
Q

A steeply dipping part of conintental margn which has an angle of 2-7 deg

A

Continental slope

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7
Q

Gently dipping part of the continental margin near the sea floor

A

Continental Rise

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8
Q

The relatively flat part of the sea floor

A

Abyssal Plain

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9
Q

the purely continental part of the continental margin which is ths shallow marine terrace of the cont crust

A

Continental Shelf

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10
Q

The junction between continental shelf and Continental slope which is 200m below sea level at present day margins

A

Shelf Edge Break

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11
Q

Large areas of Continental crust covered by sea water and bordered by land masses which are connecte by straits to the oceans

A

Epicontinental Seas or Epeiric Seas

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12
Q

Beach Environment

A

Littoral Zone

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13
Q

Shelf area covered by water up to 200 m (shelf edge break)

A

Neritic Zone

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14
Q

shelf edge break (200m) to 2000 m (Continental Slope)

A

Bathyal Zone

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15
Q

2000-5000m

A

Abyssal Zone

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16
Q

5000m below

A

Hadal Zone

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17
Q

Between Mean High Water to Mean Low water

A

Foreshore

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18
Q

Between Mean Low Water to Fair Weather Wave Base

A

Shoreface

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19
Q

The area between Fair Weather Wave Base and the Storm Wave Base

A

Offshore Transition Zone

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20
Q

The region below Offshore transition zone below up to 200m or the shelf edge break

A

Offshore

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21
Q

The depth at which waves normally affect the sea bottom

A

Fair Weather Wave Bse

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22
Q

The depth at which high energy wavs generated by storms affect the sea bottom

A

Storm Weather Base

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23
Q

The water that is closest to the moon which experiences largest gravitational attraction and create a bulge of water

A

Tidal Bulge

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24
Q

Why is the other side of the Earth also expriencing tide?

A

Because Earth is also being pulled by moon’s gravity

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25
Q

How long is the diurnal cycle?

A

12.5 hours

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26
Q

Alignment of the sun, moon and th earth

A

Syzygy

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27
Q

When are the highest tides experienced on Earth?

A

Spring tides during Late March (Spring)
spring tides during Late September (Autumn)

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28
Q

Why is it so?

A

Because of the sumperimposed tidal cycles
(Diurnal, Neap-Spring, Annual tidal Cylce)

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29
Q

Highest Tidal Change in the World

A

Bay of Fundy, Atlantic Seabord of Canada
15m

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30
Q

This is created when coriolis influences tide level moving to the right in the Northern Hemosphere and to the Left in the southern Hemsphere

A

Amphidromic Cells

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31
Q

The center of each cell at which the tidal wave rotates and there is no water level change in the water ycle

A

Amphidromic Point

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32
Q

2m mean tidal range regime

A

Microtidal

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33
Q

2-4m mean tidal range regime

A

Mesotidal

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34
Q

> 4m mean tidal regime

A

Macrotidal

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35
Q

These are daily changes in the elevation of the ocean surface

A

Tides

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36
Q

Who first explained the tide phonemenon and what did he do?

A

Sir Isaac Newton applied the Law of gravitation

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37
Q

What causes tides?

A

Mutationsl Gravitational attraction between two bodies and because both atmosphere and ocean are fluids and are free to move, both are deformed by this force.

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38
Q

How many high and low tides do most places on earth experience?

A

2 highs two lows (Daily Diurnal Tides)

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39
Q

How many days does the moon revolve around the Earth?

A

29 days

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40
Q

Every how many minutes do tides shift later each day?

A

50 minutes

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41
Q

by how much is the Sun’s tide-generating effect compared to that of the moon

A

Only 46%

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42
Q

This occurs when the Earth sun and Moon system is aligned during new and full moons that causes larger tidal bulges (higher high tides) and larger tidal toughs (Lower low tides), producing a large tidal range

A

Spring tides (Springer - to rise up)

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43
Q

This occurs when the sun and moon are at right angles and each partially offsets the influence of the other causing the daily tidal range to be less

A

Neap Tides

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44
Q

What phases of the moon do Neap Tides Occur?

A

1st and 3rd quarter

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45
Q

Factors that influence effects of tides

A

1) Shape of Coastlines
2) Configuration of Ocean Basin
3) Coriolis Effect
4) Water Depth

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46
Q

How many tidal patterns exist in the world?

A

3

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47
Q

A tidal pattern characterized by a single high tide and a single low tide each tidal day

A

Diurnal Tidal pattern

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48
Q

Where in the world does Diurnal Tidal Pattern happens

A

Gulf of Mexico

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49
Q

A tidal pattern which exhibits two high tides an two low ties each tidal day with the two highs and two lows about the same height

A

Semidiurnal Pattern

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50
Q

Where in the world does semidiurnal tiday pattern common?

A

Atlantic Coast

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51
Q

Similar to semidiurnal except that it is characterize by a large iequality of heights on the two high and two lows. Or there are two different highs and two different lows in terms of height

A

Mixed Tidal Pattern

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52
Q

Where in the world does mixed tidal pattern common?

A

Pacific Coasts

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53
Q

The horizontal flow of water accompanying the rise and fall of tides

A

Tidal Current

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54
Q

Tidal currents that flow landward into the coastal zone as tide rises

A

Flood Current

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55
Q

Currents which flow seaward as tide falls

A

ebb Current

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56
Q

Periods of little or no current produced due to tides which separate flood and ebb

A

Slack water

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57
Q

Tidal waves within amphidromic cells results in a flow of water in a circular or elliptical pattern

A

Rotary Tides

58
Q

Areas affected by alternating tidal currents

A

Tidal Flats

59
Q

When or at what point is tidal current at maximum flow velocity?

A

Mid tide point

60
Q

Where are tidal currents rapid?

A

In narrow places like bays, rivers, estuaries, straits ad others

61
Q

When are tidal currents considered to be major agets of erosion and sediment tranport?

A

When tides move thru narrow inlets where they scour the narrow entrance to many harbors that woul otherwise be blocked

62
Q

Deposits created by tidal currents

A

Tidal delta

63
Q

a landward deposition in an inlet

A

Flood Delta

64
Q

Deposition on the seward side of an inlet

A

Ebb Delta

65
Q

How do tidal deltas form?

A

as a rapily moving tidal current moves through a barrier island’s into the quiet water of the lagoon, the current slows and deposits sediment.

66
Q

A bipolar cross stratification chracterized by alternation directions of ripple and dune migration

A

Herringbones Cross-Stratification

67
Q

Sed structures formed during slack water stages of tidal cycle which can also occur in rivers that have only seasonal flow

A

Mud drapes on Cross Beds

68
Q

Formed by erosion of part (crest) of a bedform when a current is reversed and recommencement of migration in the direction of dominant flow reoccurs

A

Recativation Surface

69
Q

A cyclical variation in the thickness of foreset laminae in cross-beds that may be attributed to variations in flow strength in the neap-spring cucles

A

Tidal Bundles

70
Q

The depth to which surface waves affect a water body

A

Wave Base

71
Q

Weather systems that have associated strong surface winds typically in excess of 100km/h and may affect both land and marine envi

A

Storm

72
Q

in what part of the oceans or marine realm does storm have an impact

A

Shallow Marine - Shelf and Epicontinental Seas

73
Q

deposits of storm processes

A

Tempestites

74
Q

Literal tanslation of Tsunami

A

Harbour Waves

75
Q

Whats the periods of Tsunami Waves?

A

10^3 to 10^4 seconds

76
Q

Events which can trigger tsunamis

A

1) Subsea Earthquakes
2) Large Volcanic Eruptions
3) Submarine landslides

77
Q

Characteristics of Tsunami Deposits

A

Poorly Sorte Debris containing mixture of depoits and fauna may be larger in size compared to storm deposits

78
Q

Deep ocean currents driven by DIFFERENCE IN WATER’S DENSITY controlled by TEMP and SALINITY which is weaker than storm and tidal current but is larger in volume

A

Termohaline Current

79
Q

Cold surface water descends at high polar lattitudes known as

A

Sink Pooints

80
Q

Wind driven currents related to GLOBAL WIND SYSTEMS and is result of DIFFERENCE IN AIR MASS TEMP combined with Coriolis

A

Geostrophic Current

81
Q

Dark green minerals in marine sediments composed of K-rich Mica
Authigenic and forms through gluaconitisation

A

Glauconite

82
Q

Materials made up of any these distinctive, medium to dark green mineral

A

Glaucony

83
Q

Implication of Presence of Glauconite

A

1) Reliable Indicator of shallow marine environment
2) Commonly occurs in CONDENSED SECTIONS - which are strata that have deposited at anomalously low sed rates which is tends to coincide with SEA LEVEL RISE
3) Can be radiometrically dated and the age will corresponds to the time of deposition

84
Q

Whats the minimum level of P2O5 for a sed rocks to be considered Phosporites

A

15% P2O5

85
Q

implications of Phosphorite Presence?

A

Sea Level Rise because phosphorites authigenic accumulation are favored by slow sedimanetation rates of other materials and are characteristics of Condensed Sections

86
Q

A mudrock which have 1-15% Organic Carbon

A

Black Shale

87
Q

Implication of Black Shale

A

Anoxic Environment of Formation or reducing conditions in the DEEP SEAS
Can occur in shelves provided the supply of organic matter is greater that the rate at which it can be broken down

88
Q

Why are shelves habitable environments for many plantonic and Benthic ogranism?

A

Because waters are relatively oxygenated which are periodically swept by currents to bring in nutrienst

89
Q

Adaptation which is recognized in the lifestyle of an organism

A

Functional Morphology

90
Q

Part of the marine realm that has the most diverse assemblages of benthic organism

A

Shoreface Environments

91
Q

What controls the abundance of planktonic organism?

A

Supply of nutrients and the surface temperature of water

92
Q

High Plantnic remains indicate what water depth

A

Deeper water

93
Q

Burrows vs Borings

A

Burrows:Soft = Borings: Hard

94
Q

Small Vertical Tubes in the Sands Trace Fossils

A

Skolithos

95
Q

Crawling Trail by a multilimbed organism which can be Trilobites

A

Cruziana - Sublittoral

96
Q

A pellet-lined burrow which is identical to burrows made by modern Callianassid Shrimps

A

Ophiomorpha

97
Q

A boring in rock or solid substrate which is similar to those created by Bivalve Lithopaga

A

Trypanites

98
Q

What is the implication of Escape Burrows

A

Rapid Sedimentation by storms or Turbidity Currents

99
Q

Escape traces ichnofossils

A

Fugichnia

100
Q

Changes in Trace Fossil Assemblages

A

Ichnofacies

101
Q

MAJOR DIVISION OF MARINE REALM

A

FACIES

102
Q

Littoral Zone (Sandy Shore)

A

Skolithos - Vertical burrows, simple u-shaped or pellet lined (Ophiomorpha)

103
Q

Neritic/Sublittoral (Shelf Zone)

A

Cruziana - Wide variety of forms, Surface tracks and trails, complex network of burrows and horizontal, Vertical Branching

104
Q

Bathyal Zone

A

Zoophycos - variable partly radial form that may be tens of cm across

105
Q

Abyssal Zone

A

Nereites - Regular surface seen on bed surface only which are characteristically feedc traces. Mostly have regular structure. Because of scarcity of nutrients.

106
Q

Hardground Ichnofacies (Borings) - even Slow Sedimentation

A

Trypania Ichnofacies

107
Q

Firmground Ichnofacies (Burrows) - relatively slow Sedimentation

A

Glossifungite Ichnofacies

108
Q

Evidence of organisms disturbing sediments

A

Bioturbation

109
Q

An improtant surface current in the Atlantic Ocean that flows Northwards along the east coast of the US

A

Gulf Stream

110
Q

What factors influence global suface-ocean circulation

A

1) Global Wind pattern
2) Distribution of major landmasses
3) Spinning of Earth on its Axis

111
Q

These are large whirls of water within an ocean basin

A

Gyres

112
Q

What are the world’s five main gyres?

A

1) North Pacific
2)South Pacific
3) North Atlantic
4) South Atlantic
5) Indian

113
Q

Where is the centre of each gyre situated?

A

at the subtropocs at about 30 deg north or south latitue

114
Q

Other terms for the five world gyres

A

Subtropical Gyres

115
Q

What is the rotation of the subtropical gyres in the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere respectively?

A

N-CW, S-CCW

116
Q

This is the phenomenon caused by earth’s rotation in which currents are deflecye the right in the northern hemisphere and deflected to the left in the southern hemisphere

A

Coriolis Effect

117
Q

What are the four main current existing in Npacific Gyre?

A

1) N Equatorial Current
2) Kuroshio Current
3) N pacific Current
4) California Curent

118
Q

How many years does it take to go all the way around the loob in Ngyre?

A

6 years

119
Q

What are the four main current existing in NAtlantic Gyre?

A

1)Nequatiorial Current
2) Gulf Stream
3)N Atlantic Current
4)Canary Current

120
Q

How long does it take to go completely around the Natlantic Gyre?

A

3 years

121
Q

What is the direction of the wind in the Northern Indian Ocean during summer?

A

Wind blow from the Oean towards Asian Landmass

122
Q

The only current that completely encircles the earth and flows around the ice-covered content of antarctica

A

West Wind Drift

123
Q

Portions of Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans south of about 50 deg S Lat

A

Southern Ocean or Antarctic Ocean

124
Q

Which latitude have a net gain of energy?

A

Lower Latitudes

125
Q

Which lattudes have a net loss of energy

A

Higher Latitudes

126
Q

What equalizes latitudinal energy imbalances?

A

Transfer of heat by winds and oceans

127
Q

How much of the heat transport is accounted by Ocean Water Movements?

A

01-Apr

128
Q

What are the principal West coast deserts?

A

1) Atacama in Peru and Chile
2) Namib in Southwestern Africa

129
Q

Driest desert on Earth with an average rainfall of not more than 3mm/0.12 inch

A

Atacama Desert

130
Q

Why is Atacama desert’s aridity intensified?

A

Because of the ffects of the cold peru current which chills the lower atmosphere which in turn becomes very stable and resist upward movement necessary for precipitation-producing clouds

131
Q

This is the temperature at which water vapor condenses which often happened in the presence of cold currents

A

Dew Point

132
Q

This is the rising of the cold water from deeper layers to replace the warmer surace water and is a common wind-induced vertical movement

A

Upwelling

133
Q

Occues when wind blows toward the equator and parallel to the coast and with the combined effects of coastal winds and coriolis effect cuase sruface water to move awar from the shore and as it moves awat, water from below upwells and replaces the one on the sufcae

A

Coastal Upwelling

134
Q

Which parts of the world does upwelling happen?

A

western coasts of continents

135
Q

What are the effects of upwelling?

A

Brings greater conc. Of dissolved nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates to the ocean suface which promote growth of microscopic plankton which then support extensive populatioons of fish and other marine organism

136
Q

This has vertical component which accounts for the throrough mixing of deep-water masses which is a response to density diffrences among water masses

A

Deep Ocean Circulation

137
Q

Another term for Deep Ocean Cicrulation

A

Thermohaline Circulation

138
Q

What can cause increase of seawater density?

A

1) Decrease in Temperature
2) increase in salinity

139
Q

Where in the world are seawater/surface conditons create the highest density water?

A

Near Antarctica

140
Q

How many years do deep waters stay under the surface?

A

500 - 2000 years

GLE 2024 (Day 1) (34 decks)

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