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GLE 2024 (Day 1) > STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTATION (GROUNDWATER) > Flashcards

STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTATION (GROUNDWATER) Flashcards

1
Q

most important and widely available freshwater resources

A

Ground water

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2
Q

this is the form of the largest volume of freshwater

A

Glacial Ice

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3
Q

this represents the largest reservoir of freshwater that is readily available to humans

A

Groundwater

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4
Q

How much of the liquid freshwater is made up of groundwater

A

96%

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5
Q

What are the Geologic Roles of Groundwater?

A

1) Erosional agent
2)Equalizer of Streamflow

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6
Q

Factors which affect dstribution of groundwater?

A

1) Steepness of Slope
2) Nature of surface material
3) Intensity of rainfall
4) Amount and type of vegetation

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7
Q

Is clay permeable?

A

No

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8
Q

A near surface zone wherein water soaks and does not travel far because it is being held by the molecuar attraction as a surface film on soil particles

A

Belt of soil Moisture

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9
Q

zone where all open space in sediments and rocks are completely fille with water

A

Zone of Saturation

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10
Q

Water situated within the Zone of Saturation

A

Groundwater

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11
Q

Upper limits of the zone of saturation

A

Water Table

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12
Q

Area above the water table where sediments and rocks are not saturated

A

Unsaturated Zone

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13
Q

Why is water in unsaturated zone not usable?

A

Because it clings too tightly to rock an soil particles

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14
Q

What is the usual shape of water table?

A

Replica of the surface

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15
Q

Factors contributing to the irregular surface of Gwater

A

1 Slow movement of G water which tends to pile up in high areas
2 Variations in rainfall
3 Earth surface permeability

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16
Q

Factors influencing the storage and movement of gwater

A

Porosity and permeability

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17
Q

What is porosity?

A

volume of voids over total volume of rocks
percentage of the total volume of sediments that consists of pore spaeces

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18
Q

countless voids or openng ins bedrick, soil and sediment

A

pore spaces

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19
Q

voids left by escaping gases from lava

A

vesicles

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20
Q

factor that determine amount of pore spaces

A

Size and shape of grains
packing
sorting
amount of cementing materials

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21
Q

what provides porosity or void in ign and met rocks?

A

Fractures

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22
Q

This is the ability of a rock, sediment or soil to transmitt fluid which depens on the connectedness of voids

A

Permability

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23
Q

What is the porosity and permeability of clay?

A

Highly porous but impermeable

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24
Q

Imepermeable layers that hinder or prevent water movement

A

Aquitard

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25
What are the usual compositions of aquitard
Clay or fine grained
26
Permeable rock strat or sediments composed of larger particles such as sand and gravel which permits freely movement of groundwarer
Aquifer
27
What type of energy or force make water move?
Force of Gravity
28
Why are do some groundwater follow curving paths?
When zone of saturation is deeper, pressure is greater thus the looping curves followed by water in the saturated zone is a compromise between the downward pull of gravity and the tendencey of water to move towas areas of reduced pressure
29
This forms whenever water table intersects with the ground surface which results to natural flow of groundwater results
Spring
30
This forms when an aquitard is situated above the water table. Thus, creating a localized zone of saturation
Perched water table
31
whats the usual temp of hot spring?
6-9 deg C (10-15F) higher than the normal air temp
32
Variation in Geothermal Gradient
2 deg C per 100m
33
why is that Geysers and hot springs in the US are mostly in the west?
Because west is tectonically active
34
These are intermittent fountains in which columns of hot water and stream are ejected with great force often rising 30 to 60 meters (100 - 200 feet)
Geysers
35
Most famous Geyser in the Yellowstone National Park
Old Faithful
36
First Geologic National Park of US
Yellowstone
37
Other parts of the world where geysers are found
Iceland and New Zealand
38
Etymology of geysers
Icelandic geysu - to gush
39
Geyser Cycle
1. Cool water enters undergroun chambers of hot ign rocks 2. Due to great pressure, boiling temp increases and thus expands water which results to forcing it out of the surface 3. Water at the lower portion boils and turns to an expanding mass of steam due to loss of pressure
40
a hole bored in the zone of saturation in order to extract groundwater which serves as small reservoir into which groundwater migrates
Well
41
The phenomenon of lowering the water table around the well which decreases with increasing distance from the well
Drawdown
42
A roughly conical shape depression in the water table
Cone of Depression
43
forms in situation in which groundwater rises in a wellabove the level where it was initially formd
Artesian System
44
Rerequirement of an Artesian System
1) An inclined aquifer which is exposed on one end to serve as recharge area 2) Aquitard both above and below that aquifer to prevent water fom escaping or Confine Aquifer
45
A type of artesian well where pressure surface is below ground level
Non-flowing Artesian Well
46
A type of artesian well where the pressure surface is above ground level
Flowing Artesian Well
47
Forms in situations where water may reach the surface rising along a natural fracture such as fault rather than through artifiicially produced hole and are sometimes responsible for creating oases
Artesian Springs
48
In which areas can subsidence due to withdrawal of gwater most likely occur?
Areas underlain by thick Loose Sediments
49
This compound, when combined with pure water, dissolves Limestones
Carbonic Acid
50
When carbonic acid reacts with calcite, this substance form in the solution
Calcium Bicarbonate
51
How does carbonic acid form?
When rainwater dissolves CO2 from air and decaying plants
52
Most spectatuclar results of groundwater erosional handiwork which are created at or below the water table in the ZONE OF SATURATIOn
Caverns
53
How do caverns form?
When acidic groundwater follows lines of weakness in the rock such as joints and bedding planes and as time passes by the dissolving process slowly creates cavities that gradually enlarges them into caverns
54
Limestone that are formed as depositional features of dripping water in caves
Travertine
55
General term for the depositional features formed by dripping groundwater
Dripstones
56
When do formations of dripstones occur?
Once the whole cavern is already above the water table in the unsaturate zone
57
icicle-like pendant that hang from the celing of a cavern and form where water seeps through the cracks above - conical shape
Stalactites
58
a stalactite with hollow limestone tube
Soda Straw
59
Dripstones that form on the floor and reaches the ceiling but do not have a central tube and are more massive in appearance and more rounded on their upper ends
Stalagmites
60
forms when stalactite and stalagmite join
Column
61
Landforms shape by dissolving power of ground water
karst Topography
62
Where is "karst" derived from?
Krs Region between Slovenia and Italy
63
Does karst topography form in arid and semi arid?
Neither, because there is insufficient groundwater in both regions. If so, they are remnants of a time when rainier conditions prevailed.
64
Thousands of depressions that punctuate a Karsty areas with depth varying from 1 to 2 meters to maximum of more than 50 m
Sinkholes or sinks
65
How do sinkholes form
1) Withouth any physical disturbance, limestone immediately below the soils is dissolved by downward seeping rainwater that is freshly charged with CO2 - not deep and are gentler in slopes 2. Can occur suddenly and withou warning when a roof of a cavern collapses under its own weight - Steep sided and deep
66
Characteristic feature of a karst surface
Lack of surface drainage (streams)
67
Isolated steep sided hills that rise abruptly from the ground with interconnecte caves and passagways
Tower Karst

GLE 2024 (Day 1) (34 decks)

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