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GLE 2024 (Day 1) > STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTATION (GROUNDWATER) > Flashcards

STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTATION (GROUNDWATER) Flashcards

1
Q

most important and widely available freshwater resources

A

Ground water

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2
Q

this is the form of the largest volume of freshwater

A

Glacial Ice

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3
Q

this represents the largest reservoir of freshwater that is readily available to humans

A

Groundwater

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4
Q

How much of the liquid freshwater is made up of groundwater

A

96%

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5
Q

What are the Geologic Roles of Groundwater?

A

1) Erosional agent
2)Equalizer of Streamflow

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6
Q

Factors which affect dstribution of groundwater?

A

1) Steepness of Slope
2) Nature of surface material
3) Intensity of rainfall
4) Amount and type of vegetation

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7
Q

Is clay permeable?

A

No

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8
Q

A near surface zone wherein water soaks and does not travel far because it is being held by the molecuar attraction as a surface film on soil particles

A

Belt of soil Moisture

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9
Q

zone where all open space in sediments and rocks are completely fille with water

A

Zone of Saturation

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10
Q

Water situated within the Zone of Saturation

A

Groundwater

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11
Q

Upper limits of the zone of saturation

A

Water Table

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12
Q

Area above the water table where sediments and rocks are not saturated

A

Unsaturated Zone

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13
Q

Why is water in unsaturated zone not usable?

A

Because it clings too tightly to rock an soil particles

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14
Q

What is the usual shape of water table?

A

Replica of the surface

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15
Q

Factors contributing to the irregular surface of Gwater

A

1 Slow movement of G water which tends to pile up in high areas
2 Variations in rainfall
3 Earth surface permeability

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16
Q

Factors influencing the storage and movement of gwater

A

Porosity and permeability

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17
Q

What is porosity?

A

volume of voids over total volume of rocks
percentage of the total volume of sediments that consists of pore spaeces

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18
Q

countless voids or openng ins bedrick, soil and sediment

A

pore spaces

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19
Q

voids left by escaping gases from lava

A

vesicles

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20
Q

factor that determine amount of pore spaces

A

Size and shape of grains
packing
sorting
amount of cementing materials

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21
Q

what provides porosity or void in ign and met rocks?

A

Fractures

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22
Q

This is the ability of a rock, sediment or soil to transmitt fluid which depens on the connectedness of voids

A

Permability

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23
Q

What is the porosity and permeability of clay?

A

Highly porous but impermeable

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24
Q

Imepermeable layers that hinder or prevent water movement

A

Aquitard

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25
Q

What are the usual compositions of aquitard

A

Clay or fine grained

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26
Q

Permeable rock strat or sediments composed of larger particles such as sand and gravel which permits freely movement of groundwarer

A

Aquifer

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27
Q

What type of energy or force make water move?

A

Force of Gravity

28
Q

Why are do some groundwater follow curving paths?

A

When zone of saturation is deeper, pressure is greater thus the looping curves followed by water in the saturated zone is a compromise between the downward pull of gravity and the tendencey of water to move towas areas of reduced pressure

29
Q

This forms whenever water table intersects with the ground surface which results to natural flow of groundwater results

30
Q

This forms when an aquitard is situated above the water table. Thus, creating a localized zone of saturation

A

Perched water table

31
Q

whats the usual temp of hot spring?

A

6-9 deg C (10-15F) higher than the normal air temp

32
Q

Variation in Geothermal Gradient

A

2 deg C per 100m

33
Q

why is that Geysers and hot springs in the US are mostly in the west?

A

Because west is tectonically active

34
Q

These are intermittent fountains in which columns of hot water and stream are ejected with great force often rising 30 to 60 meters (100 - 200 feet)

35
Q

Most famous Geyser in the Yellowstone National Park

A

Old Faithful

36
Q

First Geologic National Park of US

A

Yellowstone

37
Q

Other parts of the world where geysers are found

A

Iceland and New Zealand

38
Q

Etymology of geysers

A

Icelandic geysu - to gush

39
Q

Geyser Cycle

A
  1. Cool water enters undergroun chambers of hot ign rocks
  2. Due to great pressure, boiling temp increases and thus expands water which results to forcing it out of the surface
  3. Water at the lower portion boils and turns to an expanding mass of steam due to loss of pressure
40
Q

a hole bored in the zone of saturation in order to extract groundwater which serves as small reservoir into which groundwater migrates

41
Q

The phenomenon of lowering the water table around the well which decreases with increasing distance from the well

42
Q

A roughly conical shape depression in the water table

A

Cone of Depression

43
Q

forms in situation in which groundwater rises in a wellabove the level where it was initially formd

A

Artesian System

44
Q

Rerequirement of an Artesian System

A

1) An inclined aquifer which is exposed on one end to serve as recharge area
2) Aquitard both above and below that aquifer to prevent water fom escaping or Confine Aquifer

45
Q

A type of artesian well where pressure surface is below ground level

A

Non-flowing Artesian Well

46
Q

A type of artesian well where the pressure surface is above ground level

A

Flowing Artesian Well

47
Q

Forms in situations where water may reach the surface rising along a natural fracture such as fault rather than through artifiicially produced hole and are sometimes responsible for creating oases

A

Artesian Springs

48
Q

In which areas can subsidence due to withdrawal of gwater most likely occur?

A

Areas underlain by thick Loose Sediments

49
Q

This compound, when combined with pure water, dissolves Limestones

A

Carbonic Acid

50
Q

When carbonic acid reacts with calcite, this substance form in the solution

A

Calcium Bicarbonate

51
Q

How does carbonic acid form?

A

When rainwater dissolves CO2 from air and decaying plants

52
Q

Most spectatuclar results of groundwater erosional handiwork which are created at or below the water table in the ZONE OF SATURATIOn

53
Q

How do caverns form?

A

When acidic groundwater follows lines of weakness in the rock such as joints and bedding planes and as time passes by the dissolving process slowly creates cavities that gradually enlarges them into caverns

54
Q

Limestone that are formed as depositional features of dripping water in caves

A

Travertine

55
Q

General term for the depositional features formed by dripping groundwater

A

Dripstones

56
Q

When do formations of dripstones occur?

A

Once the whole cavern is already above the water table in the unsaturate zone

57
Q

icicle-like pendant that hang from the celing of a cavern and form where water seeps through the cracks above - conical shape

A

Stalactites

58
Q

a stalactite with hollow limestone tube

A

Soda Straw

59
Q

Dripstones that form on the floor and reaches the ceiling but do not have a central tube and are more massive in appearance and more rounded on their upper ends

A

Stalagmites

60
Q

forms when stalactite and stalagmite join

61
Q

Landforms shape by dissolving power of ground water

A

karst Topography

62
Q

Where is “karst” derived from?

A

Krs Region between Slovenia and Italy

63
Q

Does karst topography form in arid and semi arid?

A

Neither, because there is insufficient groundwater in both regions. If so, they are remnants of a time when rainier conditions prevailed.

64
Q

Thousands of depressions that punctuate a Karsty areas with depth varying from 1 to 2 meters to maximum of more than 50 m

A

Sinkholes or sinks

65
Q

How do sinkholes form

A

1) Withouth any physical disturbance, limestone immediately below the soils is dissolved by downward seeping rainwater that is freshly charged with CO2 - not deep and are gentler in slopes
2. Can occur suddenly and withou warning when a roof of a cavern collapses under its own weight - Steep sided and deep

66
Q

Characteristic feature of a karst surface

A

Lack of surface drainage (streams)

67
Q

Isolated steep sided hills that rise abruptly from the ground with interconnecte caves and passagways

A

Tower Karst

GLE 2024 (Day 1) (34 decks)

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