GENERAL GEOLOGY (PLANETARY GEOLOGY)

Question 1

7. Study of the Chemistry of the universe

Answer 1

Cosmochemistry

Question 2

8. Theoretical Age of the UNiverse

Answer 2

13.7 Ga

Question 3

9. Who proposed big bang theory?

Answer 3

Belgian Priest, George Lemaitre

Question 4

Model of the evolution of the universe that postulates its origin from a hot dense mass that expanded rapidly and cooled

Answer 4

Big Bang

Question 5

10. When was big bang proposed?

Answer 5

1920s (1927)

Question 6

11. Evidences or Supporting observation of Big Bang?

Answer 6

1) REd Shift or the Expansion of the Universe
2) Abundance of light elements such H, He, Li, and
3) Pervasive Background Radiation or Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation

Question 7

12. Who proposed Red Shift and when?

Answer 7

Edwin Hubble in 1929

Question 8

13. Who obseved the Cosmic Microwave Radiation?

Answer 8

Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson in 1965

Question 9

14. Where did CMBR first observed?

Answer 9

Bell Telephone Laboratories

Question 10

15. What 2 methods were used by scientists to date the universe?

Answer 10

1) Oldest Stars, and
2) Extrapolation though the rate of expansion of galaxies

Question 11

A segment of universe formation wherein the universe became neutral and Opaque

Answer 11

Dark Age

Question 12

End of Dark Age

Answer 12

Cosmic Ionization

Question 13

Nuclear Process which forms stars

Answer 13

Nuclear Fusion

Question 14

16. This is the process of creation of elements

Answer 14

Nucleosynthesis

Question 15

17. This refers to the creation of H, He, and Li during the first few moments of big bang and became the starting ingredients for all other elements?

Answer 15

Cosmological Nucleosynthesis

Question 16

18. This refer to the creation of elements with atomic masses up to 26Fe through variety of nuclear reactions

Answer 16

Stellar Nucleosynthesis

Question 17

19. How do elements with atomic masses greater than 26 created?

Answer 17

Through explosive burning during supernova

Question 18

20. Sequence of burning during nucleosynthesis

Answer 18

H - He - C - O - Si- Fe

Question 19

21. What is the constant H:He ratio which is largely dictated by Big Bang?

Answer 19

12.5

Question 20

22. Why is Li, B, Be anomalously low in concentration?

Answer 20

Because they are unstable and are tend to be used and destroyed in the production of C12

Question 21

23. What is Oddo Harkins Rule?

Answer 21

sawtooth pattern of elemental abundance in the universe in whic elements with even atomic numbers are more abundant than those with odd atomic numbers

Question 22

24. This element has the highest binding energy per nucleon and is the most stable

Answer 22

Fe

Question 23

25. This is the diagram used to classify stars

Answer 23

Hertzsprung-Russel Diagram

Question 24

26. Which are the hottest stars?

Answer 24

White Dwarfs

Question 25

27. Who proposed Nebular Hypothesis (2)?

Answer 25

Immanuel Kant and Pierre Simon de Laplace

Question 26

28. How did scientist discover the age of the solar system?

Answer 26

Determining the age of the oldest rock

Question 27

29. What is the oldest rock in the earth?

Answer 27

Rock 14321 found in Moon

Question 28

30. Who and when was the rock discovered?

Answer 28

Alan Shepard, Apollo 11 Astronaut in Feb 6, 1971

Question 29

31. How old is the rock and what dating technique was used?

Answer 29

4.011 Ga, Zircon Dating

Question 30

32. What is the oldest Material on earth

Answer 30

Pre-Solar Grains of Murchison Meteorite which fell in Australia in 1969

Question 31

33. Age of the oldest materials and what dating technique used?

Answer 31

7.5 Ga Neon21 Isotope

Question 32

Oldest material formed on Earth and its age?

Answer 32

Jack Hills Zircon in a Quartzite/Metaconglomerate 4.4Ga

Question 33

Where was this oldest material found?

Answer 33

Western Australia

Question 34

34. What similar compositions do terrestrial plaents have?

Answer 34

high temp minerals, Fe-Mg Silicates Metallic Alloy

Question 35

35. What similar compositions do Jovian Plaents have?

Answer 35

Low temp minerals, Methane, Ammonia and Water

Question 36

36. This is the arrangement of condensation of minerals depending on the temperature and distance from the sun

Answer 36

Condensation Sequence

Question 37

37. The line which marks that the temperature is cold enough for volatile compounds to condense into solid grains

Answer 37

Frost line

Question 38

38. Relative abundance of Materials in the Solar Nebular

Answer 38

98% Light gases 1.4% H cmpds 0.4% Rocks and 0.2% Metals

Question 39

39 Solar system composition by mass

Answer 39

Sun 99.85%, 0.10% Jupiter 0.04% other planets, 0.01% Comets 0% satellites, rings and asteroids, Meteroids and dut 0.0000001%

Question 40

40. Meteorite whch comes from differentiated planetisimals with Taenite as primary composition?

Answer 40

Magmatic Fe Meteories

Question 41

41. Composed of Pallasites and Mesosiderites?

Answer 41

Stony Fe

Question 42

42. Composed mostly of basaltic rocks from crusts and mantle of planetisimals

Answer 42

Achrondrite

Question 43

43. Most abundant meteorite

Answer 43

Ordinary Chondrites

Question 44

44. Meteorites composed of Magnesium Pyroxene

Answer 44

Enstatite Chondrites

Question 45

45. These are the most primitive Chondrites

Answer 45

Carbonaceous Chrondrites

Question 46

46. What does Carbonaceous Chrondrites represent?

Answer 46

Bulk Composition of the Sun