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GLE 2024 (Day 1) > STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTATION (DELTA) > Flashcards

STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTATION (DELTA) Flashcards

1
Q

DISCRETE SHORELINE PROTUBERANCE (EXTENSION BEYOND) formed at a point where RIVER ENTERS OCEAN or OTHER BODY OF WATER. Formed from sediments brought down by river builds out as a body into the lake or sea. (Needs visible building of sediments)

A

Delta

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2
Q

A RIVER MOUTH where there is a mixture of FRESH WATER and SEAWATER with the accumulation of the sediment WITHIN THE CONFINES of the ESTUARY but WITHOUT ANY BUILD UP INTO THE SEA

A

Estuary

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3
Q

Generally what kind of deposits is tranported by a delta to coastal zones

A

Siliciclastics

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4
Q

How are deltas formed?

A

1) When there’s A LARGE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS with HEAVY SEDIMENT LOAD
2) Common in PASSIVE CONTINENTAL AREAS
3) related to SEA LEVEL RISE

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5
Q

A process which aid in DELTA FORMATION by which tiny particles in suspension like silt and clay COAGULATE w/ the salt in water by CHEMICAL REACTION and becomes heavy enough to sink and be deposited. (Nangyyari kasi nga nag mimix ang heavy sediment loaded fresh water with sea water)

A

Flocculation

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6
Q

How does depostion happen in a delta?

A

River quickly loses velocity when it meets a standing water thus, coarse particles Drop out then susunod na ung fine suspened load na medyo matataboy pa sa malayo before it settles thru Flocculation

When the river becomes chocked with sediments due the rising of topset beds, triver branches into distributaries which will form the fan shaped deltas

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7
Q

The transitional deltaic subenvironment between the Fluvial/Alluvial Environment and the shallow marine environments where coarse sediments are usually deposited

A

Delta Top or Plain

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8
Q

Sheltered areas along the edges of Delta Top of shallow water that may be protected from strong waves and currents

A

Interdistributary Bays

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9
Q

Other features in the Delta Top

A

1)Subaerial Overbank Areas
2) Crevasse Splay

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10
Q

The Subenvironment directly forward of the channel and is the site of deposition of bedload material

A

Delta Front

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11
Q

IN the Delta front, the bedload material is deposited first in SHALLOW WATER

A

Subaqueous Mouth Bar

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12
Q

The area that is steeply dipping or inclined awat from the delta top with slope variying from 1 to 2 deg or 30deg in coarse grained seds

A

Delta Slope

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13
Q

The part of the delta where deposition of finest suspension sediments are deposited

A

Prodelta

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14
Q

deposition results in the sediment body building out into the lake or sea (Pag nagdeposit tapos may naform na sed body or landform)

A

PROgradation

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15
Q

Parts of delta from Top to Bottom

A

Delta Top
Subaq Mouth Bar
Delta Front
ProDelta

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16
Q

A SHALLOWING UP pattern of a delta implies that

A

Strata that is deposted in the shallower water is younger than the ones it overly

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17
Q

General Pattern of Deltaic Deposit which is distinctive

A

COARSENING UP PATTERN, SHALLOWING UP

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18
Q

What could be more diagnostic of a delta deposit

A

If the TOPSET have river channel, signs of plant growth and soil formation and other exclusively subaerial processes

19
Q

what can be the closest deposit type to delta which also shows coarsening up deposits

A

COASTLINE (Marine supplied sediments). Deciding factor will be an evidence of river or alluvial fan supplying sediments from land

20
Q

Differentiate a finegrained delta from coarse grained delta

A

Fine graine would have smaller mouthbar and extensive delta front anf prodelta

Coarse grained “FAN DELTA” would havemore extensive mouthbar and small muddy prodelta

21
Q

Differentiate Shallow Water Delta and Deep Water Deltas

A

Shallow water deltas have more extensive mouth bar and shallow widespread delta front due to shallow water redistribution

Deep water deltas have much restricted mouth bar and a slope deposits and turbidites in deeper water

22
Q

Arc or Fan shaped

A

Arcuate

23
Q

Example of Fan Shaped Delta

A

Nile Delta in Egypt

24
Q

Resembling Spread Claws of a Bird’s Foot
also known as Bird’s foort delta

A

Digitate

25
Q

Example of Bird’s Foot Delta

A

Mississippi

26
Q

Delta where river drops sediments onto straight shorelines with strong waves that hit head-on

A

Cuspate

27
Q

Example of straight deltas

A

Tiber and Ebro Delta Spain

28
Q

the discharge of river water and sediment into a lake or ocean

A

Jet

29
Q

Delta forms because sed input exceed capability of waes, tidal curent, and long shore currents to redistribute the sediments
Fluvial Capability > Redistribution of Wave, Tides an Current

A

River Dominated Delta

30
Q

Delta in which wave erosion primarily controls where and how much sediments remain in the delta after being dropped by the river
Wave Action>Fluvial Action

A

Wave Dominated Delta

31
Q

Tidal currents are stronger than river outflows the currents redistribute sediments forming SAND FILLED, FUNNEL SHAPED, DISTRIBUTARIES

A

Tide Dominated Delta

32
Q

Formed when rivers deposits LARGE COARSE SEDIMENTS AND are usually confined to rivers emptying into FRESHWATER LAKES in mountainous rivers

A

Gilbert Type Data

33
Q

Part of Gilbert type delta which are thin horizontal laters of differing sizes, COARSER SAND AND GRAVEL as well as finer material from the suspende load tht are deposited on the surface of the delta and are said to be BRAIDED RIVERS and WAVE DEPOSIT

A

Topset

34
Q

Closer to the mouth yet still underwater and are beds of sand and ravel that slope steeply down 5-30 degrees and make up the main body of the delta

A

Foreset

35
Q

Nearly horizontal or flat layers of fine clay and silt that form underwater farthest from the mouth of the river and active delta front

A

Bottomset

36
Q

World’s Largest Lacustrine Delta

A

St.Clair Delta

37
Q

formed when a river does not empty into the ocean but instead forms an estuary and the load is deposited along the sides of the estuary

A

Estuary Delta

38
Q

Delta wherein Stream deposition, Tidal forces and Wave action are about equal and an arcuate delta fors

A

Hybrid Delta

39
Q

Delta by which sediments are not exclusively terrigenous clastic but of volcaniclastic material

A

Non-Alluvial delta

40
Q

Usual lithology in Deltas

A

Conglo, Sandstones and Mudstones

41
Q

IN a delta what part can be compositionally mature?

A

Delta Front

42
Q

In terms of textural maturity which part is most mature?

A

Delta Front

43
Q

IN terms of fossil association how can one distinguish a deltaic deposit?

A

Felta Top terrestrial plants and animarls , Marine fauna delta front

44
Q

Facies associated with deltaic deoposit

A

Overlain by Fluvial Facies
Underlain by Shallow Marine
Overall Progradational Pattern

GLE 2024 (Day 1) (34 decks)

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