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GLE 2024 (Day 1) > STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTATION (RUNNING WATER AND GROUNDWATER) > Flashcards

STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTATION (RUNNING WATER AND GROUNDWATER) Flashcards

1
Q

The unending cycle of water on Earth

A

Hydrologic Cycle

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2
Q

How much is the water content of the hydrosphere?

A

1.36B cu.km. / 326M cu.mi

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3
Q

Ocean Component

A

97.20%

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4
Q

NonOcean component

A

2.80%

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5
Q

Glaciers

A

2.15%

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6
Q

Gwater

A

0.62%

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7
Q

Fwater Lakes

A

0.009%

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8
Q

Saline Lakes and Inland Seas

A

0.008%

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9
Q

Soil Moisture

A

0.005%

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10
Q

Atmosphere

A

0.001%

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11
Q

Stream Channel

A

0.0001%

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12
Q

Liquid changes into water vapor and is how water enters into the atm from the oceans

A

Evaporation

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13
Q

Water soaks into the ground

A

Infiltration

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14
Q

Thw flow of surplus water over the surface

A

Runoff

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15
Q

The process by which plants release its absorbed water into the atmosphere

A

Transpiration

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16
Q

Combine processes that transfer of water from the surface directly into the atmosphere

A

evaportranspiration

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17
Q

The single most important agent sculpting the Earth’s land surface

A

Moving Water

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18
Q

Stages of Runoff

A

Sheet Flow - Rills - Gullies- Streams - Rivers

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19
Q

The land area which contibutes water to a river system

A

Drainage Basin

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20
Q

What divides the drainage basin of a particular river to that of the draiange basin of another basin?

A

Divide

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21
Q

This type of divide splits the whole continent into enormous drainage basin

A

Continental divide

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22
Q

Larget drainage basin in North Am

A

Mississippi River

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23
Q

This involve not only a newtork of stream channels but the entire drainage Basin

A

River systems

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24
Q

Three Division of River Systems in reference to sediments?

A

1) Sediment Production
2) Sediment Transport
3) Sediment Deposition

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25
Q

This is also known as the river’s source of the farthest place in that river or stream

A

Headwaters

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26
Q

This is the zone where most sediments are produced because of extensive erosion and is located in the headwater region of the river system

A

Zone of Sediment Production

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27
Q

This is the zone where sediments are displaced by mass wasting and/or overland flow

A

Zone of Transportation

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28
Q

These are the channel network along sections in which sediments are transported. They are not source of sediment, nor do they accumulate or store it

A

Trunk Streams

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29
Q

This is the Zone where river reaches the ocean or another large body of water and slows down affecting the transport of energy to be reduced

A

Zone of Deposition

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30
Q

What are the possibilities of deposition in River systems?

A

1) Seds can accumulate at the mouth of the river to form delta
2) Sediments can be reconfigured by wave action to form a variety of coastal features
3) Can be moved far offshore by ocean currents

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31
Q

Main principle of deposition in River systems?

A

Corse grained are deposited upstream while fine grained are the ones reaching the ocean

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32
Q

These are networks of streams that together form distinctive patterns

A

Drainage Patterns

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33
Q

What are the controlling factor of Drainage Patterns?

A

1) Type of Terrain
2)Kinds of Rocks
3) Structural pattern of folds and faults

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34
Q

Drainage pattern in relatively uniform surface thus is resistant to erosion and does not control the stream flow. Pattern is determined chiefly by direction of slope of the land

A

Dendritic Pattern

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35
Q

A drainage pattern that resembles a branching deciduous tree pattern

A

Dendritic Pattern

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36
Q

What does dendritic mean?

A

Treelike

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37
Q

This is the pattern when streams diverge from a central area like spikes from the hub of a wheel

A

Radial Pattern

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38
Q

Where does Radial pattern usually develop?

A

On Isolated volcanic cones and domal uplifts

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39
Q

This pattern is characterized by many right-angle bends and guides the direction of valleys

A

Rectangular Pattern

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40
Q

Where does Rectangular Pattern develop?

A

On bedrock is crisscrossed by a series of joints and/or faults which makes them more easily eroded

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41
Q

This is a rectangular draianage pattern in which tributary system are nearly parallel to one another

A

Trellis Pattern

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42
Q

Where does Trellis pattern develop

A

On areas underlain by alternating bands of resistant and less-resistant rock

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43
Q

Flow characterized by roughly straight-line paths that are parallel to the stream channel

A

Laminar Flow

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44
Q

Flow in which the water moving in an erratic fashion that can be chracteried by swirling motion

A

Turbulent flow

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45
Q

If a stream appears to be smooth on the surface, does it mean it is laminar flow?

A

No

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46
Q

Relation of strength of current/Velocity and depth

A

The deeper the parts of the channel the stronger the current

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47
Q

Why is it so?

A

Because frictional resistance is greaterst near the banks and bed of the stream channel

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48
Q

Factors which controls Flow Velocity and the ability to erode and transport material

A

1) Channel slope or Gradient
2) Channel size and Cross sectional shape
3) Channel Roughness
4) Amount of Water Flowing

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49
Q

the vertical drop of a stream over a specified distance

A

Gradient

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50
Q

What is the velocity if gradient is high?

A

High

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51
Q

What size of a channel has more efficient flow?

A

Larger

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52
Q

What kind of channel has a uniform flow?

A

Smooth

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53
Q

Volume of water flowing past a certain point in a given unit of time

A

Discharge

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54
Q

Formula of Discharge

A

Stream’s Cross Sectional Area x Velocity

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55
Q

Largest river in N America

A

Mississippi River

56
Q

World’s largest River

A

Amazon River

57
Q

Discharge of Amazon

A

Approx 207,000 cu m

58
Q

Streams which exhibit flow only during wet periods

A

Intermittent Streams

59
Q

Streams which carry water only occasionally after a rainfall in aird climates

A

Ephemeral Streams

60
Q

A cross sectional view of a stream from its source area to its mouth

A

Longitudinal Profile

61
Q

Source area of a river

A

Headwaters

62
Q

Point where a river enters another body of water

A

Mouth

63
Q

the shape of the typical profile of a river?

A

Concave

64
Q

Whats the X and Y axis of a longitudinal profile?

A

distance (X) Elevation (Y)

65
Q

As a river decreases in slope, what happens to discharge and roughness?

A

Discharge increases and sediment particeles dicreases thus river becomes smoother

66
Q

why is a river more efficient downstream?

A

Because increase in channel size and increase in discharge and smoothnes compensates the decrease in gradient

67
Q

Sequence of stream Erosion

A

Rainwater - Sheetflow - Rills - Gullies - Streams - Rivers

68
Q

Bowl-shaped bedrock depressions caused by abrasion of whirlpool of sand and pebbles

A

Potholes

69
Q

sediments that is in solution with the water

A

Dissolved Load

70
Q

Largest part of a stream’s load usually made up of silt and clay

A

Suspended Load

71
Q

Factors affecting suspended load

A

Flow velocity and Settling Velocity

72
Q

In terms of shape which particle settles faster?

A

Spherical grains

73
Q

Coarse sediments that move along the bottom of the stream

A

Bed load

74
Q

Types of bed load movement

A

Rolling, Sliding, Saltation

75
Q

Movement through jumping or skipping along the bed

A

Saltation

76
Q

etymology of Saltation

A

Saltare - To leap

77
Q

The maximum load of solid particles a stream can transport per unit of time

A

Capacity

78
Q

A measure of stream’s ability to transport particles on size rather than quantity

A

Competence

79
Q

What’s the relationship between competence and stream velocity

A

Competence increases proportionately to the square of its velocity

80
Q

When does capacity increases?

A

when discharge increases

81
Q

When does deposition start to occur?

A

When flow velocity < Settling velocity

82
Q

The meachanism by which solid particles of various size are separated

A

Sorting

83
Q

General term for stream deposits

A

Alluvium

84
Q

Sheetflow vs streamflow?

A

Stream flow is confined to a channel

85
Q

An open conduit that consists of stream bed and banks that act to confine the flow except during floods

A

Stream Channel

86
Q

Channels that are actively cutting into solid rock

A

Bedrock Channel

87
Q

Streams that are actively cutting into unconsolidated sediments

A

Alluvial Channel

88
Q

What are the characteristics of Bedrock Channel

A

Headwaters, Coarse grained, abrasion, potholes

89
Q

Steep segments where bedrock is exposed which usually contain rapids or waterfalls

A

Steps

90
Q

Relativey flat segments where alluvium tends to accumulate

A

Pools

91
Q

Major factors affecting alluvial channels

A

Size of sediment transported, channel gradient, and discharge

92
Q

Alluvial channels in which transport is usually suspension and are relatively deep and smooth because the sediments are mostly silt and clay

A

Meandering Streams

93
Q

Sweeping bends of a river

A

Meanders

94
Q

This is the outside of a meander where erosion is mostly focused where velocity and turbulence are greatest

A

Cut Bank

95
Q

The inside of meanders where coarser material is deposited

A

Point bars

96
Q

a new shorter channel segment formed by erosion due to slowing of downstream migration

A

Cutoff

97
Q

The abandoned bend of a meandering stream

A

Oxbow Lake

98
Q

Streams composed of a complex network of converging and divering channels that thread their way among numerous islands or gravel bars which consist mostly of coarse materials an the stread has highly variable discharge and are usually wide and shallow

A

Braided Channels/ Streams

99
Q

Where do braided channels usually form?

A

At the terminus of a glacier

100
Q

Consist not only of channel but also the surrounding terrain that directly contributes water to the stream

A

Stream Valley

101
Q

the lower flatter area of a valley occupied by stream channel

A

Valley Floor

102
Q

Stream Valleys in arid regions where weathering is slow an where rock is particularly resistat resulting to nearly vertical walls

A

Narrow Valleys or Slot Canyons

103
Q

The lowest elevation at which a stream can erode its channel

A

Base Level

104
Q

The sea level which is also the lowest level at which stream can lower the land

A

Ultimate Base Level

105
Q

This includes lakes, resistant layers of rocks, and main streams that act as base levels for tirbutaries

A

Temporary or local base level

106
Q

What are the consequences of building a dam?

A

Base level is elevated
Gradient upstream is gentler or reduced
Eroding and transporting capability of stream reduced and deposition will be dominant

107
Q

The dominant activity when a stream’s gradient is steep and the channel is well above the base level

A

Downcutting

108
Q

A prominent feature of a V-Shape valley formed by resistant beds acting as a temporary base levelwhile allowing downcutting to continue downstream

A

Rapids

109
Q

A prominent feature of a V-shaped valley formed where streams make an abrupt vertical drop

A

Waterfalls

110
Q

The continuous lateral erosion cause by shifting of the stream’s menaders which profuces an increaringly broader, flat valley floor covered with alluvium

A

Valley Widening

111
Q

A broad flat valley floor covered with alluvium

A

floodplain

112
Q

meanders that form on steep, narrow valleys

A

Incised Meanders

113
Q

Circumstances that changes the base level that led to the formation of incised meanders

A

1) Marine regresion
2) Land uplift

114
Q

small scale deposits composed of sand and gravel

A

Bars

115
Q

forms where a sediment-charged streams enters the relatively still waters of a lake, an inland sea or the ocean

A

Delta

116
Q

Several small divisons of the main channel which carry water away from it

A

Distributaries

117
Q

factors that affect the shape of the delta

A

Shoreline configuration and nature and strength of waves

118
Q

Beds that are deposited above foreset beds during floods

A

Topset

119
Q

Beds consist of coarse particles that drop soon after entering the water body

A

Foreset

120
Q

Beds consist of fine silt and clay and are settled beyond the mouth of the river

A

Bottomset

121
Q

how many deltas are there in the mississippi delta?

A

7

122
Q

A coarse to finely sorted gently sloping landform bordering the channel on both banks build by successive floods over many years ago

A

Natural levees

123
Q

the marshy area behind the levee which is poorly drained for the reason that water cannot flow up the levee and into the reaver

A

Back Swamps

124
Q

A tributary that flows parallel to the main river until it can breach the levee

A

Yazoo Tributaries

125
Q

To which river does Yazoo river flow parallel to?

A

Mississippi river

126
Q

a fan shaped landform forms where a high gradient stream leaves a narrow valley in mountanous terrmain an comes our SUDDENLY onto a broad flat pain or velly floor

A

Alluvial Fans

127
Q

Group of coalescing Alluvial Fans

A

Bajada

128
Q

Conditions which form alluvial fans

A

Change of gradient and velocity and change in cannel size

129
Q

A natural phenomenon occurs when the flow of stream becomes so great that it exceeds the capacity of its channel and overflows its banks and is considered to be the most dealy and the most destrucive of all geologic hazards

A

Flood

130
Q

type of floods which are more limited in extent and occur with limited warning and can be dedly because they produce a rapid rise in water levels and can have a devastating flow velocity

A

Flash Floods

131
Q

Factors which influence flash floods

A

1) Rainfall intensity and duration
2) Topography
3) Surface conditions

132
Q

Earthen mounds built on the banks of a river to increase the volume of water the channel can hold and are the most commonly used stream-containment structures

A

Artificial Levees

133
Q

how do artifical levees differ from natural levee

A

AL are much steeper and are sometimes made up of cocrete

134
Q

These are structures built to store floodwater and then let it our slowly which can also be use for agricultural irrigation and hydroelectric power generation

A

Flood control Dams

135
Q

this flood control measure involves altering a stream channel in order to speed the flow of water to prevent it from reaching flood height

A

Channelization

136
Q

Flood control measure which involves straigthening a channel and shortnening the stream thus increaseing the flow velocity and gradient

A

Artifical cutoffs

GLE 2024 (Day 1) (34 decks)

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