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GLE 2024 (Day 1) > STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTATION (DESERT) > Flashcards

STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTATION (DESERT) Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Dry based on precipitation

A

25 cm per (10 inches) per year

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2
Q

Dryness

A

any situation where there is water deficiency

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3
Q

Dry Climate

A

Climate in which yearly precipitation is less thanevaporation

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4
Q

A marginal more humid variant of desert that represents a transition zone

A

Steppe or semiarid

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5
Q

In which parts of the world are desert and steppe regions occur

A

Subtropics nd middle latitudes

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6
Q

These are zone of high air pressure found usually in the dry regions of lower latitudes

A

Subtropical highs or Horse Latitude

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7
Q

Describe the air movement in subtropical highs?

A

Air currents are subsiding and when air sinks, it becomes compressed and warmed

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8
Q

These type of deserts are the ones situated in the deep interiors of large land masses or continents

A

Mid Latitude deserts and steppes

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9
Q

What are the foremost barrier to moisture from the pacific in N.America?

A

1)Coast ranges
2) Sierra Nevada
3) Cascades

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10
Q

What type of weathering is dominant in humid regions and provie evidence?

A

Chemical Weathering, slopes and rock edges are rounded and soil are well developed

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11
Q

What type of weathering prevails in derserts and provide example

A

Mechanical Weathering, unaltered rock and mineral fragments

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12
Q

What produces the rust-colored stain that tints some of the desert landscapes?

A

Oxidation of Iron Bearing Silicates

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13
Q

Why is weathering in dry lands greatly reduced?

A

1) lack of moisture
2) lack of organic acids from decaying plants(carbonic acid)

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14
Q

Streams that carry water only in response to specific episodes of rainfall

A

Ephemeral Streams

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15
Q

American names for Ephemeral Streams

A

Wash or Arroyo

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16
Q

Dry desert stream in arabia and north africa

A

Wadi

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17
Q

Dry desert stream in South America

A

Donga

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18
Q

Dry desert stream in India

A

Nullah

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19
Q

This does most of the erosional work in deserts

A

Running Water

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20
Q

Permament streams that do cross arid regions

A

Nile and Colorado

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21
Q

Desert that is being traversed by Nile without having any single tributary

A

Sahara

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22
Q

What is the main role of wind in deserts?

A

Transportation and deposition of sediment

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23
Q

ridges and mounds of sediments formed primarily by wind action

A

Dunes

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24
Q

This means discontinuous pattern of ephemeral streams that do not flow our of the desert to the ocean

A

Interior Drainage

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25
Q

This pertains to the difference in elevation between high and low points in an area

A

Relief

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26
Q

This forms when water heavily loaded with sediments emerged from the confines of the canyon and the runoff spread over the base of the mountains and loses velocity creating a cone of debris

A

Alluvial Fan

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27
Q

Coalescing alluvial fans from adjacent canyons producing an apron of sediment

A

Bajada

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28
Q

When streams flow across alluvial fans to the center of the basin converting the basin floor into a shallow lakes which lasts only few days or weeks

A

Playa lakes

29
Q

The dry flat bed left after evaporation of such lakes

A

Playa

30
Q

Playas that are encrusted with salts

A

Salt Flats

31
Q

Large bedrock knobs projecting above the sediment-filled basin

A

Inselberg

32
Q

Difference of wind from water erosion

A

1) Wind has lower capacity
2) Can spread sediment over larger areas as well as high into atmosphere

33
Q

Largest dust source in the world

A

N.Africa

34
Q

A disaster which happened in the 1930s which caused severe dust storm

A

Dust Bowl

35
Q

This is the lifting and removal of loose fine grained materials by wind

A

Deflation

36
Q

Shallow depressions which are the most noticeable results of deflation

A

Blowouts

37
Q

A stony veneer composed of coarse pebbels and cobbles thata re too large to be moved by the wind

A

Desert Pavement

38
Q

The process of cutting and polishing exposed rocks surfaces by windblown sand

A

Abrasion

39
Q

What is the limit of the vertical extend of wind abrasion

A

1m

40
Q

Extensive blankets of silts which were once carried in suspension

A

Loess

41
Q

mounds and ridges of sand from the winds bed load

A

Dunes

42
Q

Two primary sources of sediments that form loess

A

Stratified drift, deserts

43
Q

The most extensive deposits of loess on Earth

A

Noethern and western china

44
Q

River which got its name from the buff colored loess

A

Huang Ho or Yellow River

45
Q

Which areas of the world have loess formed from stratified drift

A

US and Europe

46
Q

Formation of dunes

A

1) Moving air encounters barrier
2) Wind sweeps around and over it leaving a shadow of more slowly moving air behind the obstacle an smaller zone of quieter air infront of the obstacle
3) Salting and sand grains rest in these ind shadows

47
Q

The steep side of a dune

A

Leeward

48
Q

the gently incline side

A

Windward

49
Q

In which side does sand move by saltation

A

Windward

50
Q

the leeward side of the dune

A

Slip face

51
Q

what is the maintaining angle of repose of the leeward side?

A

34 deg

52
Q

This forms when sand deposition forms layer inclined in the direction the wind is blowing

A

Cross Bedding

53
Q

A an example of cross bedding

A

Zion Canyon in Utah

54
Q

Factors affecting sand dune form and size

A

1) Wind Direction
2) Velocity
3) Availability of sand
4) Amount of vegetation

55
Q

Solitrary dunes shaped like crescents and with their tips pointing downwards

A

Barchan Dunes

56
Q

In what environment does it form?

A

Hard and flat ground
Lack vegetation
limited sediment supply

57
Q

Max annual migration rate of Barcham

A

15 m (50ft)

58
Q

Dunes that form a long rige that are separate by troughs and oriented at right angles to the prevailing wind

A

Transverse Dunes

59
Q

In what environment does it form?

A

Steady winds
plenty sand supply
sparse or lack vegetation

60
Q

Transverse dunes that form in arid regions where there is extensive amount of wavy sand

A

Sand sea

61
Q

Where do Transverse usually form

A

Coastal Dunes

62
Q

a relatively common form intermediate between isolated 61 and extensive waves of 64 which form scalloped rows of sand oriented at right angles to the wind which resembles series of brachans which have been positioned side by side

A

Barchanoid Dunes

63
Q

Example of Barchanoid

A

Gypsum Dunes, white sands, NM

64
Q

Long ridges of sand that form more or less parallel to the prevailing wind and where sand supplies are moderate

A

Longitudinal Dunes

65
Q

This dunes form where vegetation partially covers the sand and shape resembles that of barchan but tips are pointing into the wind direction

A

Parabolic dunes

66
Q

Envi in which 71 usually forms

A

Coastal where there are strong winds and abundant sand

67
Q

Usually three or four shar crested ridges diverge from a central high poing which are developed due to variable wind directions

A

Star Dunes

68
Q

Deserts where star dunes can be found

A

Sahara and Arabian

GLE 2024 (Day 1) (34 decks)

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