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A level Biology > Sports Biology > Flashcards

Sports Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Why do muscles anaerobically respire even if oxygen is present in intense exercise?

A

Because anaerobic respiration is a quicker way to produce ATP

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2
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration quickly fatigue muscles?

A

Because of the build up of lactate
Produced when pyruvate is oxidised to lactate

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3
Q

What is done with the lactate produced in anaerobic respiration?

A

Converted to pyruvate to be used in aerobic respiration so chemical energy locked in pyruvate is not wasted

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4
Q

How does build up of lactate cause muscle fatigue?

A

It lowers the pH
So alters H bonds and ionic bonds in proteins, changing tertiary structure (and active sites) in proteins so they are no longer complementary

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5
Q

Effect of build up of lactate on actin, myosin and tropomyosin

A

Less effective as they have changed shape so can no longer pull etc so prevents contraction

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6
Q

Effect of lactate build up on ATP hydrolase

A

The active site changes shape, so it is not complementary to its substrate ADP and Pi, preventing enzyme-substrate complexes forming to catalyse production of ATP which is needed in muscle contraction

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7
Q

Why does short, intense exercise favour anaerobic respiration?

A

Because it can produce ATP faster

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8
Q

Why does long endurance exercise prefer aerobic respiration?

A

Because 1 glucose produces 38 ATP which can last over a longer period

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9
Q

What does phosphocreatine do?

A

Phosphorylates 1 ADP to ATP
To form creatine

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10
Q

At rest, what does ATP do to creatine?

A

Phosphorylates it to phosphocreatine

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11
Q

What is phosphocreatine?

A

Found in muscle fibres to resist changes in ATP to a small extent
Eg a lot of ATP is used, it can Phosphorylate ADP to resist the using up of it

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12
Q

Types of muscle fibres

A

Fast and slow fibres

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13
Q

Fast fibres are used for…

A

Short distance running eg sprinting

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14
Q

Slow fibres are used for…

A

Long distance running eg marathons

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15
Q

Respiration: fast vs slow fibres

A

Fast fibres = anaerobic respiration
Slow fibres = aerobic respiration

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16
Q

Why are fast fibres better for short bursts of intense exercise?

A

Use mainly anaerobic respiration which produces ATP very quickly

17
Q

Why are slow fibres better for endurance exercise?

A

Because they prefer aerobic respiration which produces much more ATP per glucose so will not be used up quickly, can last a long time

18
Q

Slow/fast fibres: maintaining contractions

A

Slow fibres can maintain contractions for longer than fast fibres

19
Q

Fast/slow fibres: speed of contraction

A

Fast fibres contract faster than slow fibres

20
Q

Slow/fast fibres: numbers of mitochondria and capillaries

A

Slow fibres have a lot of mitochondria and capillaries
Fast fibres have less mitochondria and capillaries

21
Q

Why do Slow fibres have lower numbers of glycolysis enzymes in cytoplasm than fast fibres?

A

Because glycolysis is used mainly in anaerobic respiration
But slow fibres favour aerobic respiration so do not need this many enzymes to anaerobically respire compared to fast fibres

22
Q

Phosphocreatine concentrations: slow vs fast fibres

A

Slow fibres have lower concentration than fast fibres

23
Q

Myoglobin concentration: slow vs fast fibres

A

Slow fibres have a higher concentration of myoglobin compared to fast fibres

24
Q

Glycogen concentration: slow vs fast fibres

A

Slow fibres have a lower concentration compared to fats fibres

25
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

A storage protein for oxygen found in muscle fibres NOT BLOOD

26
Q

Myoglobin’s affinity to oxygen

A

Extremely high so only gives up oxygen at very low partial pressures

27
Q

How does myoglobin prolong aerobic respiration?

A

Very rapid release of oxygen at very low partial pressures so this can prolong aerobic respiration: allows oxygen present

28
Q

How does myoglobin delay anaerobic respiration

A

Because ensures oxygen is present for aerobic respiration

29
Q

Myoglobin vs haemoglobin

A

Myoglobin has no cooperative binding unlike haemoglobin
Myoglobin = 1 polypeptide chain, haemoglobin = 4 polypeptide chain
Myoglobin has 1 haem group to hold 1 oxygen, myoglobin has 4

30
Q

Why do slow fibres have more myoglobin?

A

To prolong aerobic respiration to store oxygen

A level Biology (77 decks)

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