Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A level Biology > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What 3 categories of carbohydrates are there?

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What elements do carbohydrates contain?

A

Carbo = carbon
Hydr = hydrogen
Ate = oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Organic molecules that act as a monomer for complex carbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

General formula for monosaccharides

A

CₙH₂ₙOₙ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Glucose formula

A

C6H12O6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Glucose forms

A

Alpha
Beta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Isomers

A

Molecules with same chemical formula but different arrangements of atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

2 isomers of powdered glucose

A

Alpha
Beta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Alpha glucose placement of hydroxide

A

Below the first carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Beta glucose placement of hydroxide

A

Above the first carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of monosaccharide is glucose?

A

Hexose = Contains 6 carbon atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Properties of monosaccharides

A

Soluble in water (HYDROPHILIC)
Monomer to form disaccharides and polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why are monosaccharides soluble in water?

A

They have many hydroxide (hydroxyl) groups which form hydrogen bonds with water molecules due to charges being attracted to each other
As hydroxyl groups are polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Reducing sugars

A

Act as a reducing agent
By losing electrons from atoms which other substances gain
Such as indicators
Therefore = reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Disaccharide

A

Formed by the condensation of 2 monosaccharides
Forming a glycosidic bond between both monomers
and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

Formed in a condensation reaction between 2 monosaccharides in OH groups where H2O is released from the compound leaving oxygen which connects the molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Disaccharide list

A

Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose and glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lactose

A

Glucose + galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose + fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Polysaccharide

A

A polymer of monosaccharides, formed from the condensation of many joined together by glycosidic bonds
Large macromolecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do polysaccharides hydrolyse into?

A

Monosaccharides or disaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Function of polysaccharides

A

Store energy for use later eg in contraction
Structural role

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Three types of polysaccharides

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

26
Q

How are starch and glycogen formed

A

If the monomer is alpha glucose

27
Q

Function of starch and glycogen

A

Store energy in cells

28
Q

How is cellulose formed

A

If the monomer is beta glucose

29
Q

Function of cellulose

A

Structural by reinforcing plant cell walls

30
Q

Starch forms

A

Made up of 2 polysaccharides:
Amylose
Amylopectin

31
Q

Starch use

A

Energy storage in plants as it’s insoluble
Found in storage organs and seeds in plants
Major energy source in our diet

32
Q

Amylose

A

Polymer formed from condensation or alpha glucose monomers with a 1,4 glycosidic bond between each
Is in a coiled shape (helix)
Hydrogen bonds between the molecules in the chain

33
Q

Amylopectin

A

Polymer formed of condensation of alpha glucose monomers with 1,4 glycosidic bonds between
Can form branches off by forming 1,6 glycosidic bonds every 25-30 molecules

34
Q

1,4 glycosidic bonds meaning

A

The bond between carbon 1 in one glucose and carbon 4 in another glucose

35
Q

1,6 glycosidic bonds meaning

A

The bond between carbon 6 on one glucose and carbon 1 in another glucose causing it to branch out from the chain and carry on the chain of molecules

36
Q

What happens if there’s more branches in the amylopectin?

A

It is easier to be hydrolysed into glucose or maltose

37
Q

Why does it matter to store glucose for energy in different ways?

A

It is very soluble
So if a cell has a lot of glucose it will be concentrated so water will move into it via osmosis = must store as starch or the cell will swell up by drawing in water

38
Q

What uses starch to store energy?

A

Plant stores only, converts glucose to it

39
Q

What happens if the plant needs to use glucose as energy but has starch?

A

Uses water to hydrolyse the starch to form the glucose molecules
Helped by enzymes by breaking glycosidic bonds

40
Q

Starch structure and properties

A

Compact
Insoluble in water
Large because it’s a polymer

41
Q

How does starch being compact help serve its function?

A

Can store a large amount of glucose for its size so can remain more compact and be used for energy

42
Q

How does starch being insoluble help serve its function?

A

Water won’t enter the plant cell by osmosis because it’s insoluble

43
Q

How does starch being large help serve its function?

A

Won’t diffuse through cell membrane and pass out the plant cell

44
Q

How does starch (amylopectin) having branches help serve its function

A

Can be hydrolysed easier
Because enzymes to break it down into monomers attach to end of branches
More ends because of branches = hydrolysed more rapidly by enzymes

45
Q

What glucose storage molecule do animal cells have?

A

Glycogen

46
Q

Where are the major stores of glycogen?

A

Liver + muscle cells

47
Q

Glycogen polymer description

A

A polymer Formed from the condensation of alpha glucose monomers
Contains 1,4 glycosidic bonds
Branches joined by 1,6 glycosidic bonds but more than amylopectin = free ends

48
Q

How does glycogen having many Branches help serve its purpose?

A

Enzymes hydrolyse it with water into its alpha glucose monomers
By joining to ends, so more ends can hydrolyse it at a rapid rate
Important, animals have high rate of respiration so require the energy

49
Q

Glycogen structure summary

A

Heavily branches
Insoluble
Large polymer

50
Q

How does glycogen being insoluble help with its function?

A

Does not draw water into cells by osmosis
So won’t risk cells bursting etc

51
Q

How does glycogen being large help serve its function?

A

Won’t diffuse out of the cell through the membrane so can be stored as an energy store in the cell

52
Q

Cellulose role

A

Strengthens plant cells walls to prevent it from bursting with too much water = becomes ‘turgid’

53
Q

Cellulose molecule description

A

Polymer formed from condensation or beta glucose molecules bonded by glycosidic bonds
But every other molecule is flipped so the OH group is adjacent

54
Q

Is cellulose branched?

A

No!

55
Q

Where is cellulose found?

A

Plant cell walls

56
Q

How is cellulose arranged in a cell wall?

A

Each molecule chain gets close together as its not branched
Hydrogen bonds form between the chains
These grouped together = microfibril

57
Q

Microfibrils

A

When cellulose polymer chains grouped together by hydrogen bonding
These group together to form macrofibrils

58
Q

Macrofibrils

A

Large structure forming a cellulose fibre

59
Q

Cellulose fibre chain of what forms it

A

Beta glucose
Cellulose
Microfibril
Macrofibril
Cellulose fibre
Plant cell wall

60
Q

Why does cellulose have hydrogen bonding between chains?

A

So can be a strong compartment of the cell wall structure

61
Q

Why does cellulose have high tensile strength?

A

So it can be stretched without breaking to withstand increase in water potential

A level Biology (51 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions