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A level Biology > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What 3 categories of carbohydrates are there?

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

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2
Q

What elements do carbohydrates contain?

A

Carbo = carbon
Hydr = hydrogen
Ate = oxygen

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3
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Organic molecules that act as a monomer for complex carbs

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4
Q

General formula for monosaccharides

A

CₙH₂ₙOₙ

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5
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

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6
Q

Glucose formula

A

C6H12O6

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7
Q

Glucose forms

A

Alpha
Beta

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8
Q

Isomers

A

Molecules with same chemical formula but different arrangements of atoms

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9
Q

2 isomers of powdered glucose

A

Alpha
Beta

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10
Q

Alpha glucose placement of hydroxide

A

Below the first carbon

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11
Q

Beta glucose placement of hydroxide

A

Above the first carbon

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12
Q

What type of monosaccharide is glucose?

A

Hexose = Contains 6 carbon atoms

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13
Q

Properties of monosaccharides

A

Soluble in water (HYDROPHILIC)
Monomer to form disaccharides and polysaccharides

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14
Q

Why are monosaccharides soluble in water?

A

They have many hydroxide (hydroxyl) groups which form hydrogen bonds with water molecules due to charges being attracted to each other
As hydroxyl groups are polar

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15
Q

Reducing sugars

A

Act as a reducing agent
By losing electrons from atoms which other substances gain
Such as indicators
Therefore = reduced

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16
Q

Disaccharide

A

Formed by the condensation of 2 monosaccharides
Forming a glycosidic bond between both monomers
and water

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17
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

Formed in a condensation reaction between 2 monosaccharides in OH groups where H2O is released from the compound leaving oxygen which connects the molecules

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18
Q

Disaccharide list

A

Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose

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19
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose and glucose

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20
Q

Lactose

A

Glucose + galactose

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21
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose + fructose

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22
Q

Polysaccharide

A

A polymer of monosaccharides, formed from the condensation of many joined together by glycosidic bonds
Large macromolecules

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23
Q

What do polysaccharides hydrolyse into?

A

Monosaccharides or disaccharides

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24
Q

Function of polysaccharides

A

Store energy for use later eg in contraction
Structural role

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25
Q

Three types of polysaccharides

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

26
Q

How are starch and glycogen formed

A

If the monomer is alpha glucose

27
Q

Function of starch and glycogen

A

Store energy in cells

28
Q

How is cellulose formed

A

If the monomer is beta glucose

29
Q

Function of cellulose

A

Structural by reinforcing plant cell walls

30
Q

Starch forms

A

Made up of 2 polysaccharides:
Amylose
Amylopectin

31
Q

Starch use

A

Energy storage in plants as it’s insoluble
Found in storage organs and seeds in plants
Major energy source in our diet

32
Q

Amylose

A

Polymer formed from condensation or alpha glucose monomers with a 1,4 glycosidic bond between each
Is in a coiled shape (helix)
Hydrogen bonds between the molecules in the chain

33
Q

Amylopectin

A

Polymer formed of condensation of alpha glucose monomers with 1,4 glycosidic bonds between
Can form branches off by forming 1,6 glycosidic bonds every 25-30 molecules

34
Q

1,4 glycosidic bonds meaning

A

The bond between carbon 1 in one glucose and carbon 4 in another glucose

35
Q

1,6 glycosidic bonds meaning

A

The bond between carbon 6 on one glucose and carbon 1 in another glucose causing it to branch out from the chain and carry on the chain of molecules

36
Q

What happens if there’s more branches in the amylopectin?

A

It is easier to be hydrolysed into glucose or maltose

37
Q

Why does it matter to store glucose for energy in different ways?

A

It is very soluble
So if a cell has a lot of glucose it will be concentrated so water will move into it via osmosis = must store as starch or the cell will swell up by drawing in water

38
Q

What uses starch to store energy?

A

Plant stores only, converts glucose to it

39
Q

What happens if the plant needs to use glucose as energy but has starch?

A

Uses water to hydrolyse the starch to form the glucose molecules
Helped by enzymes by breaking glycosidic bonds

40
Q

Starch structure and properties

A

Compact
Insoluble in water
Large because it’s a polymer

41
Q

How does starch being compact help serve its function?

A

Can store a large amount of glucose for its size so can remain more compact and be used for energy

42
Q

How does starch being insoluble help serve its function?

A

Water won’t enter the plant cell by osmosis because it’s insoluble

43
Q

How does starch being large help serve its function?

A

Won’t diffuse through cell membrane and pass out the plant cell

44
Q

How does starch (amylopectin) having branches help serve its function

A

Can be hydrolysed easier
Because enzymes to break it down into monomers attach to end of branches
More ends because of branches = hydrolysed more rapidly by enzymes

45
Q

What glucose storage molecule do animal cells have?

A

Glycogen

46
Q

Where are the major stores of glycogen?

A

Liver + muscle cells

47
Q

Glycogen polymer description

A

A polymer Formed from the condensation of alpha glucose monomers
Contains 1,4 glycosidic bonds
Branches joined by 1,6 glycosidic bonds but more than amylopectin = free ends

48
Q

How does glycogen having many Branches help serve its purpose?

A

Enzymes hydrolyse it with water into its alpha glucose monomers
By joining to ends, so more ends can hydrolyse it at a rapid rate
Important, animals have high rate of respiration so require the energy

49
Q

Glycogen structure summary

A

Heavily branches
Insoluble
Large polymer

50
Q

How does glycogen being insoluble help with its function?

A

Does not draw water into cells by osmosis
So won’t risk cells bursting etc

51
Q

How does glycogen being large help serve its function?

A

Won’t diffuse out of the cell through the membrane so can be stored as an energy store in the cell

52
Q

Cellulose role

A

Strengthens plant cells walls to prevent it from bursting with too much water = becomes ‘turgid’

53
Q

Cellulose molecule description

A

Polymer formed from condensation or beta glucose molecules bonded by glycosidic bonds
But every other molecule is flipped so the OH group is adjacent

54
Q

Is cellulose branched?

A

No!

55
Q

Where is cellulose found?

A

Plant cell walls

56
Q

How is cellulose arranged in a cell wall?

A

Each molecule chain gets close together as its not branched
Hydrogen bonds form between the chains
These grouped together = microfibril

57
Q

Microfibrils

A

When cellulose polymer chains grouped together by hydrogen bonding
These group together to form macrofibrils

58
Q

Macrofibrils

A

Large structure forming a cellulose fibre

59
Q

Cellulose fibre chain of what forms it

A

Beta glucose
Cellulose
Microfibril
Macrofibril
Cellulose fibre
Plant cell wall

60
Q

Why does cellulose have hydrogen bonding between chains?

A

So can be a strong compartment of the cell wall structure

61
Q

Why does cellulose have high tensile strength?

A

So it can be stretched without breaking to withstand increase in water potential

A level Biology (60 decks)

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